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Enlightenment Thinkers
Philosophers from all around Europe developed theories about government. It had a huge impact over how each society ruled over factors such as natural rights and freedom of speech. -
Publication of the Social Contract
The Social Contract was a concept thought out of by Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Essentially it was the idea of a society giving up their own natural rights in exchange in protection from the government. It caused mass amounts of political reform and revolutions. It states that everyone will be equal due to the same rights they give up. Jean-Jacques and included that the citizens must choose what laws to live under to prevent slavery. [https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Social-Contract] -
King Louis XVI becomes king
King Louis XVI became the king upon the death of his grandfather Louis XV. He was the last known king of France before the fall of monarchy from the French revolution. A food shortage and raise of taxes from Louis was enough for an inflation in the grain market causing mass amounts of people rioting. The people wanted Louis to recognize the power of the National Assembly, ending the France monarchy for good. To learn more about King Louis XVI https://www.britannica.com/biography/Louis-XVI. -
Estates-General Meet
This marked the beginning of the French Revolution. The meeting took place in Versailles, contain the clergy, nobility and commoners. King Louie XVI had money issues with bankers refusing to lend money and food shortage plaguing France. He had to increase taxes, massively. The commoners were dissatisfied with this and thus they started the National Assembly. http://en.chateauversailles.fr/discover/history/key-dates/summoning-estates-general -
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French Revolution
The French Revolution took place after the Third Estate was locked away from the meeting house. For his own safety, King Louis hired soldiers known as the Swiss Guard. Paris citizens feared that the soldiers were out for them, they looted places for supplies in hopes of protection. This was the beginning of the French Revolution -
Tennis Court Oath Taken
King Louis XVI locked the Third Estate of commoners out from the meeting hall. The locked out members broke into an abandoned tennis court, pledging to not leave unless a new constitution was developed for France. [https://www.britannica.com/event/Tennis-Court-Oath] -
Storming of the Bastille
The Storming of the Bastille took place after the ejection of the Third Estate and creation of the National Assembly. Members of the assembly rioted demanding a new constitution was developed. In fear for his own safety, King Louis XVI hired a group of soldiers known as "The Swiss Guard". Paris citizens believed the soldiers were out to harm them and stormed an old prison "Bastille" in search of gunpowder and other supplies. [https://www.bl.uk/learning/timeline/item106472] -
Beginning of The Great Fear.
Bad weather caused food shortage and bread prices to double. Bankers refused to lend money to King Louis XVI, he had to tax the nobility. The nobility forced Louis to call a meeting between the three Estates, exiling the Third Estate from the meeting house. In fear of his own safety, King Louis hired mercenaries known as the Swiss Guard. Citizens of Paris feared of the soldiers and slaughtered them across France. This started the Great Fear. [https://www.britannica.com/event/Great-Fear] -
Publication of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen was written in France and is a human civil rights document. When the Third Estate was kicked out from the government group, they formed what was known as the "National Assembly". The goals of this organization was to form a new more fair constitution to make the citizens more free. [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Declaration-of-the-Rights-of-Man-and-of-the-Citizen] -
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Haitian Revolution
The Haitian Revolution was a series of conflicts including France and Haitian slaves. St. Dominique was one of the most well-known colonies taken and became France's wealthiest colony. Over 700,00 Africans were taken to this location for work. Each year, 10-15% of the African slaves died due to disease or mistreatment from the colonists. A revolution among the slaves started, burning down plantations and homes. This was the beginning of the Haitian Revolution. -
Slaves rise up on northern plantations of St. Domingue
All groups around St. Dominque joined together, going against the French forces. With the scorched earth policy, the people going against the France Militia could potentially strip them of their power. Underestimating the slaves and the policy then soon realizing, Napoleon backed off along with his troops. With the new taken power for St Dominque, L'Ouverture abolishing slavery from the island and gave citizens equal rights. [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Haitian-Revolution]. -
King Louis XVI executed by guillotine
After a new constitution was developed, King Louis XVI and his family made an attempt to flee. Quickly he was recognized and thrown in prison. In the heat of the revolution, the National Assembly was eliminated and the constitution was ripped. Louis and his wife Marie Antionette were executed not too long after. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IJ8kbyutOYc] -
Slavery is outlawed in the French colonies, including St. Domingue
All groups of St Dominque joined forces to drive out the French colonists out of their island. One of the people leading the revolution, Dessalines used the "Scorched Earth Policy" to strip the advancing soldiers of their power. Underestimating them, Napoleon backed off along with his troops. Dessalines proclaimed St Dominique as the first independent state with slavery previously. -
The Directory takes control of France
The directory was the five people governing France until it was overthrown by Napoleon, being the final four years of the French Revolution. The five people in charge created massive conflicts between other countries, ruining France from the inside. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Directory#:~:text=The%20Directory%20(also%20called%20Directorate,and%20replaced%20by%20the%20Consulate. -
War of Knives begins for control of St. Domingue
The War of Knives was between L'Ouverture and Rigaud for the purpose of control on St. Dominique. It lasted over a year, eventually ending with L'Ouverture winning with assistance from English. Rigaud fled into exile and with his new power, Ouverture created a new constitution, abolishing slavery and giving equal rights to the citizens of St. Dominique.[https://military.wikia.org/wiki/War_of_Knives] -
New constitution in France put up for a vote, declares revolution over
During the French Revolution, thousands of innocent citizens of France were executed due to being "enemies of the revolution". Without success from Robespierre's ideas, people grew tired and ended up executing him. A new constitution was developed, recovering the economy and restoring order. [https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-hccc-worldhistory2/chapter/napoleons-constitution/] -
Toussaint L’Ouverture proclaims a new constitution in St. Domingue and is declared Governor for Life
When L'Ouverture was declared in power, he developed a new constitution for St. Dominique. Outlawing slavery, voodoo (main religion of the island) and gave rights to all citizens. Napoleon wanted to win the island back and sent troops to capture L'Ouverture, succeeding. The people of the new St. Dominique continued however, making France and Napoleon pull his troops. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5N2c_EZ7szI] out. -
Dessalines creates the flag of Haiti
Jean-Jacques Dessalines creates the flag of Dessalines after declaring independence. abolishing slavery for good. He used components from the France flag, tearing out the white part ; leaving just a blue and red colored flag to represent freedom. [https://restavekfreedom.org/2019/04/04/the-history-of-the-haitian-flag/#:~:text=Haiti's%20very%20first%20flag%20as,make%20the%20first%20Haitian%20flag.] -
Dessalines proclaims Haiti’s independence
Following in the lead of L'Ouverture, Dessalines went on to proclaim as the first independent nation from former slavery. He abolished slavery and gave people natural rights, abolishing white people from owning land. Dessalines prevented Any European nation and the U.S to trade with Haiti then proceeding to return to Haiti. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5N2c_EZ7szI] -
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Revolutions of Latin and South America
In 1810, Spanish troops forcefully took control of multiple countries including that of Simon Bolivarś. .Simon Bolivar pushed out Spanish forces from his hometown Venezuela, Bolivia, and Ecuador. His bravery and bold acts earned himself the title of ¨ The Liberator¨. -
Mexico declares independence from Spain
Miguel Halado launches the Mexican War of Independence. After minimal success, Miguel was defeated, captured, and executed. Peasant leader followed in his lead carrying racially mixed soldiers against Spanish and the Royalists. In 1820, they finally gained power and promised a new government, promising reform. [https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/spain-accepts-mexican-independence#:~:text=On%20September%2016%2C%201810%2C%20Miguel,town%20of%20Dolores%2C%20Mexico).] -
Simon Bolivar arrives at Merida, Venezuela
After arriving at Venezuela, this was the beginning of an invasion about to occur. He ended up getting defeated by Spanish Leaders and exiled to the island of Haiti, developing a bold plan to win back independence. His plan worked and the Spanish were driven out of Merida, earning Simon Bolivar the nickname of "The Liberator". [https://stampaday.wordpress.com/2018/05/24/simon-bolivar-el-libertador-de-venezuela/#:~:text=On%20May%2024%2C%201813%2C%20South,(%E2%80%9CThe%20Liberator%E2%80%9D).] -
Peru Declares Independence
After Simon Bolivar and Jose de Martin had driven the Spanish out of Venezuela, they then went on to continue with Ecuador, Bolivia, and Peru. It was one of the last countries to be freed from the Spain and promised freedom and a better life. [https://www.livinginperu.com/perus-war-independence-1-campaigns-san-martin/] -
Gran Columbia formed
Had a very brief existence during the Peru War being made up of Colombia, Panama, Venezuela, and Ecuador. It was disbanded due to the politcal opinions of the supporters contrasting as well having regional issues. After breaking up, Panama, Venezuela, and Ecuador broke off from Columbia.
