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1031 BCE
Fall of the Umayyad Caliphate of Cordoba.
After years of infighting, the caliphate collapsed and fractured into a number of Independent Muslim taifa. This period was characterized by an expansion of trade, and culture, including construction of well-known pieces of Andalusi architecture. -
787 BCE
Death of Death of Abd al-Rahman I
Abd al-Rahman I died in 788, and he was succeeded as Emir of Cordoba by Hisham I of Cordoba -
785 BCE
Construction of The Great Mosque
Abd al-Rahman I, the founder of Islamic Emirate of Cordoba, gave an order to build the Great Mosque. The Great Mosque was constructed in 785, and it expanded multiple times after Abd al-Rahman I, up until the late 10th century. -
778 BCE
Zaragoza
Charlemagne expands his kingdom through military conquest. Charlemagne reargued is destroyed retreating from Spain in the battle of Roncesvalles. -
775 BCE
Reign of Al-Mansur
The second Abbasid caliph reigned from 754-775. The name 'al-Mansur' means 'conqueror. He founded a brand new Abbasid capital at Baghdad. -
656 BCE
Ali ibn Abi Talib succeeds
Ali was also highly critical of Uthman, who was widely accused of nepotism and corruption. Ali also repeatedly mediated between the caliph, and the provincial dissidents angered by his policies. After Uthman's assassination in June 656, Ali was elected caliph in Medina. -
651 BCE
Conquest of Mesopotamia
During the battle of al-Qadisiyyah 636 CE. Which lasted about 7 days. Because of this victory, the Arabs were able to take control of all of Mesopotamia. -
649 BCE
Uthman ibn 'Affan
Uthman ibn 'Affan succeeds Umar to become the third caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate. Uthman orders the establishment of one "true" Quran while also destroying the others. -
635 BCE
Invasion of the Levant
The Muslim conquest of the Levant which happened during the Arab Rashidun Caliphate invaded the Levant from the Arabian Peninsula, and conquered the region from the Byzantine Empire. -
632 BCE
Muhammad dies in Medina
After many battles fought within the Muslim community at the time. Few years later Muhammad died in Medina. Not really naming the next successor to lead the Muslim people. -
627 BCE
Battle of trench
This happened on the outskirts of Madinah , Saudi Arabia. Muhammad and his army played a defensive strategy, and dug a deep trench to stop the Quraysh confederates from entering the city of Madinah. -
625 BCE
Battle of Uhud
This battle occurred near Mount Uhud, which was just outside Medina, and involved around 3,000 Quraysh forces against about 1,000 Muslims. The Muslims had the upper hand in the battle, but strategic mistakes and disobedience. -
624 BCE
Battle of Badr
Major military victory led by the prophet muhammad that marked a turning point from the early Muslim community from a defensive stance toward one of stability and expansion. -
610 BCE
Muhammad first revelation on Mount Hira
Muhammad receives his first revelation in 609 CE, in the cave on Mount Hira. Muslims require the Quran as the most important miracle of Muhammad. -
570 BCE
Muhammad birth
He was born c.570 CE, in Mecca. His father name was Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib, and his mother name was Amina bint Wahb. His mother died when he was 6 years old, and his father died around the time Muhammad was born, leaving him an orphan. -
Sep 27, 622
Muhammad undertakes the Hegira
The prophet Muhammad completes his Hegira, from Mecca, to Medina to escape persecution. Muhammad set about building the followers of his religion. The Hegira would later mark beginning year 1, of the Muslim calendar -
628
Conquest of Khaybar
The Jews barricade themselves in a fort at Khaybar oasis, and they were allowed to live there only if they pay their one third of their produce. The first pilgrimage made by muhammad, and his Muslims to Mecca after migrating to Medina -
633
Next successor: Abu Bakr
Abu Bakr became the first caliph of the Rashidun, or Ummah. Sunni Muslims believe that Abu Bakr was the proper successor. Shi'a Muslims believe that Ali should have succeed Muhammad as caliph. -
Aug 22, 634
New Successor
After Abu Bakr died, and making Umar his successor. When Umar became the next successor, he restored Abu Ubaidah ibn-al-jarrah to overall command of the Muslims armies. -
750
Fall of the Umayyad Caliphate
After the Umayyad dynasty in Syria fell to the Abbasids. The one surviving member, 'Abd al-Rahman I, escaped to Spain, and established autonomous rule there.