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After years of infighting, the caliphate collapsed and fractured into a number of Independent Muslim taifa. This period was characterized by an expansion of trade, and culture, including construction of well-known pieces of Andalusi architecture.
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Abd al-Rahman I died in 788, and he was succeeded as Emir of Cordoba by Hisham I of Cordoba
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Abd al-Rahman I, the founder of Islamic Emirate of Cordoba, gave an order to build the Great Mosque. The Great Mosque was constructed in 785, and it expanded multiple times after Abd al-Rahman I, up until the late 10th century. -
Charlemagne expands his kingdom through military conquest. Charlemagne reargued is destroyed retreating from Spain in the battle of Roncesvalles. -
The second Abbasid caliph reigned from 754-775. The name 'al-Mansur' means 'conqueror. He founded a brand new Abbasid capital at Baghdad.
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Ali was also highly critical of Uthman, who was widely accused of nepotism and corruption. Ali also repeatedly mediated between the caliph, and the provincial dissidents angered by his policies. After Uthman's assassination in June 656, Ali was elected caliph in Medina.
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During the battle of al-Qadisiyyah 636 CE. Which lasted about 7 days. Because of this victory, the Arabs were able to take control of all of Mesopotamia.
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Uthman ibn 'Affan succeeds Umar to become the third caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate. Uthman orders the establishment of one "true" Quran while also destroying the others.
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The Muslim conquest of the Levant which happened during the Arab Rashidun Caliphate invaded the Levant from the Arabian Peninsula, and conquered the region from the Byzantine Empire. -
After many battles fought within the Muslim community at the time. Few years later Muhammad died in Medina. Not really naming the next successor to lead the Muslim people. -
This happened on the outskirts of Madinah , Saudi Arabia. Muhammad and his army played a defensive strategy, and dug a deep trench to stop the Quraysh confederates from entering the city of Madinah. -
This battle occurred near Mount Uhud, which was just outside Medina, and involved around 3,000 Quraysh forces against about 1,000 Muslims. The Muslims had the upper hand in the battle, but strategic mistakes and disobedience. -
Major military victory led by the prophet muhammad that marked a turning point from the early Muslim community from a defensive stance toward one of stability and expansion. -
Muhammad receives his first revelation in 609 CE, in the cave on Mount Hira. Muslims require the Quran as the most important miracle of Muhammad. -
He was born c.570 CE, in Mecca. His father name was Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib, and his mother name was Amina bint Wahb. His mother died when he was 6 years old, and his father died around the time Muhammad was born, leaving him an orphan. -
The prophet Muhammad completes his Hegira, from Mecca, to Medina to escape persecution. Muhammad set about building the followers of his religion. The Hegira would later mark beginning year 1, of the Muslim calendar -
The Jews barricade themselves in a fort at Khaybar oasis, and they were allowed to live there only if they pay their one third of their produce. The first pilgrimage made by muhammad, and his Muslims to Mecca after migrating to Medina -
Abu Bakr became the first caliph of the Rashidun, or Ummah. Sunni Muslims believe that Abu Bakr was the proper successor. Shi'a Muslims believe that Ali should have succeed Muhammad as caliph. -
After Abu Bakr died, and making Umar his successor. When Umar became the next successor, he restored Abu Ubaidah ibn-al-jarrah to overall command of the Muslims armies. -
After the Umayyad dynasty in Syria fell to the Abbasids. The one surviving member, 'Abd al-Rahman I, escaped to Spain, and established autonomous rule there.