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Issac Newton
English mathematician, astronomer, theologian, author and physicist (described in his own day as a "natural philosopher") who is widely recognized as one of the most influential scientists of all time, and a key figure in the scientific revolution. -
Period: to
Eighteenth Century Enlightenment
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John Locke
Was among the most famous philosophers and political theorists of the 17th century. He is often regarded as the founder of a school of thought known as British Empiricism, and he made foundational contributions to modern theories of limited, liberal government. -
Voltaire
The Philosopher as Critic and Public Activist. Voltaire only began to identify himself with philosophy and the philosophe identity during middle age. His work Lettres philosophiques, published in 1734 when he was forty years old, was the key turning point in this transformation. -
John Toland
A controversial Irish-born British freethinker whose rationalist philosophy forced church historians to seriously consider questions concerning the biblical canon. -
Deism (A New thought)
The Philosophes: believed the life of religion and of reason could be combined -
Enlightened Absolutism
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Frederick the Great
A king of Prussia from the Hohenzollern dynasty, reigning from 1740 to 1786. He was one of the "enlightened monarchs" (also referred to as "enlightened despots"). -
The French Revolution
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The Crisis of the French Monarchy
As the 18th century drew to a close, France’s costly involvement in the American Revolution, and extravagant spending by King Louis XVI and his predecessor, had left the country on the brink of bankruptcy. -
The French Revolution
The French Revolution was a watershed event in modern European history that began in 1789 and ended in the late 1790s with the ascent of Napoleon Bonaparte. During this period, French citizens razed and redesigned their country’s political landscape, uprooting centuries-old institutions such as absolute monarchy and the feudal system. The upheaval was caused by widespread discontent with the French monarchy and the poor economic policies of King Louis XVI -
Execution of Louis XVI
The trial and execution of Louis XVI took place before the National Convention in January 1793. The former king was presented with 33 charges, each describing an act of betrayal, sabotage or failure of leadership. -
The Reign of Terror
The period of the French Revolution during which numerous suspected enemies of the Revolution were executed. -
The Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte
A military general and the first emperor of France who is considered one of the world's greatest military leaders. Napoleon revolutionized military organization and training, sponsored the Napoleonic Code, reorganized education and established the long-lived Concordat with the papacy. -
Napoleon's Empire (1804-18014)
On December 2, 1804, Napoleon crowns himself emperor and launches additional expansion campaigns for his growing Empire. After occupying Vienna, Napoleon wins his most renowned victory over the Russians and Austrians in 1805. As the Empire and the Napoleonic Wars expand, more and more forces begin to establish themselves against the French Empire. -
The Invasion of Russia
600000 Troops invaded Russia although the Russian gave in, they burned Moscow which gave nothing to Napoleon and he sufferd loss -
The Battle of Waterloo
Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte was defeated by two of the armies of the Seventh Coalition: a British-led Allied army under the command of the Duke of Wellington, and a Prussian army under the command of Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher, Prince of Wahlstatt. The battle marked the end of the Napoleonic Wars. -
The Death of Napoleon
Napoleon died on May 5, 1821, on the island of St. Helena in the South Atlantic Ocean. By 1817 Napoleon’s health had been deteriorating and he showed the early signs of a stomach ulcer or possibly cancer. In April of that year, he dictated his last will: "I wish my ashes to rest on the banks of the Seine, in the midst of those French people which I have loved so much. I die before my time, killed by the English oligarchy and its hired assassins."
