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Meyer v. Nebraska
The Meyer case reinforces the constitutional doctrine of states's rights for determining language instruction in the public-school system. And the case allowed parents of English Language Learners the right to organize after-school and weekend heritage language classes. -
Farrington v. Tokushige
The Farrington case also reinforces the constitutional doctrine of states' rights for determining language instruction in the public-school system. And just like the Meyer case Farrington also allowed parents of English Language Learners the right to organize after-school and weekend heritage language classes -
Brown v. Board of Education
Even though the Brown case was predominately focus on segregation of African American students, the states are culpable for providing "equal educational opportunities" for all students. And the case also made bilingual education more feasible for ELL students. -
The Elementary & Secondary Education Act
ESEA is a federal law that was reauthorized eight time since 1965 and the principal objective of the policy is to increase the level of educational equity for students of low-income families. And the principal means for increasing educational equity for students of low-income families is to provide federal funding to school districts. -
Title VII: The Bilingual Education Act
Title 7 became the first national language policy for English learners and this policy was reauthorized six times from 1974 to 2001. The policy provides federal funding through grants to bilingual programs. And this policy publicly recognizes the remunerations of bilingualism and bilingual education programs. Finally, this policy gradual turned the federal government's attention toward ELLs achieving English proficiency. -
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Title VII: The Bilingual Education Act
Title 7 became the national standard of bilingual education for English learners and it was reauthorized six times from 1974 to 2001. The benefits of this policy for bilingual education is that it provides federal funding through grants to bilingual education. -
Lau v. Nichols
First, the case highlighted the right of English Learners to get a meaningful education and declared illegal the “sink or swim” approach. And, Lau remedies the Equal Educational Opportunities Act of 1974 -
Castaneda v. Pickard
This case introduced the Castaneda standard, the three-pronged test to determine if schools are appropriately addressing the needs of English Learners. -
Gomez v. Illinois State Board of Education
The Gomez case established the precedent for utilizing the Castaneda standard for the protection of inadequate programs for English Learners. -
Flores v. Arizona
And the Flores case also established a precedent for utilizing the Castaneda standard for the protection of inadequate programs for English Learners. -
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NCLB: The No Child Left Behind Act
The NCLB was the reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act. And this policy replaced Title 7, the Bilingual Education Act, with Title 3. Finally, the policy stressed the necessity for the culpability of the funding through the utilization of high-stakes testing that includes the following. 1) Annual measurable achievement objectives (AMAOs)
2) Adequate yearly progress (AYP)
3) Consequences for the districts that filed to make AYP related to English Learners. -
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Every Student Succeeds Act
ESSA is the current reauthorization of ESEA and this policy will begin implementation during the 2017-2018 school year. The objective of the NCLB was the importance of culpability for the utilization of federal funds. Furthermore, NCLB gave the federal government the power to determine education policies particularly when determining bilingual education policies. Conversely, ESSA gives greater flexibility and power to the states for setting their own objectives and consequences.