-
Period: to
Separate but Equal
Plessy v. Ferguson determined that upheld state racial segregation laws for public facilities to be "separate but equal." Therefore segregates schools could exist as long as they provided equal service. However the schools for blacks were not funded as well as schools for white children. -
Americanization of Immigrants, English Only, and Christian and American Holidays
Former president, Theodore Roosevelt called for "one language." After World War I all books in German were destroyed in schools. All teaching occurred in English, texted focus on English language and what a good citizen. Patriotic songs, verses from the Bible and American and Christian holidays became part of the curriculum. Thus, putting barriers and differences between school and home values. -
1920's Career Tracking and IQ Tests
Elwood P. Coverly claimed that one size fits all doesn't work. Lead the practice of tracking and trained administrators to introduce career tracking. School became a way to get a job and not to get wise. This lead Lewis Terman and the popularization of the intelligence test to help administrators determine how to place students.
-The bias exams and programs continue to lock students into areas that may keep them from excelling in other areas. -
Brown vs Board of Education of Topeka
The Supreme Court unanimously ruled that state-sanctioned segregation of public schools was in violation of the 14th amendment and unconstitutional. This lead to the integration of school. -
Elementary and Secondary Education Act
The ESEA was passed by President Johnson as part of his "War on Poverty." This act emphasized equal access, high standards, and accountability. The goal was to improve equity for students from lower income families by providing funds to districts serving these students. -
Title IX of the Education Amendments Act of 1972
"No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits, or be subject to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance." Books continued to still show girls being good, clean, and become home makers and only had boys' sports programs but equity is much improved today. -
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
President Ford signed the now known as IDEA law. It requires that all schools and districts receiving federal fund to provide free and appropriate public education with related services that will meet the unique needs of these student to prepare them for further education, employment and independent living. This has led to a variety of programs as inclusion, mainstreaming, push-in, to ensure that students are in the lease restrictive educational environment. -
Americans with Disabilities Act
The ADA was passed in 1990. This comprehensive civil rights lass addresses the needs of people with disabilities, prohibits discrimination in employment, public services, public accommodations, and telecommunications. This has allowed students with special needs the access they need to get the education they deserve. -
No Child Left Behind
President George W. Bush signed NCLB into law adjusting the ESEA. NCLB would support standards-based educational reform, accountability, local control, parent involvement, and federal funding. The idea was to eliminate the achievement gap and that English learners would become proficient in English in three years. Federal funding was tied directly to school’s annual performance. This made schools and school districts look at the subgroups of the schools. -
Every Student Succeeds Act
This law was written to replace "No Child Left Behind" and reauthorizes the "Elementary and Secondary Act" from 1965. This law shifts the focus to the accountability from federal to the states.
