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Late 1800s- Compulsory education laws
Universal, compulsory education led to a period of after school time first called “boys’ clubs.” The idea of more structured play was thought to be beneficial toward students. ASPs were created with mission statements beyond those of basic childcare to provide developmental support to working families and to build children’s social and academic capabilities. -
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Educ 160 Origins and Growth Digital Timeline
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September 1, 1939- Changing Labor Force
The rise in women’s labor participation increased the need and growth for ASPs. This increase for women’s participation in paid labor force rose sharply in the years during and following WWII. These changes were driven by economic necessity and the rise in single parent homes. -
1960s- Changing Neighborhoods
By the 1960s, inner city neighborhoods were becoming dangerous settings for children. The neighborhoods were no longer safe as there was a breakdown of traditional social organization, a decline in social control, and a shift from gang focused conflict to drug related violence. This had an effect on children’s social and academic performances. -
1965- 4. Self Care and “Latchkey” Children
An alternative for ASPs is self care in which children are left alone in their homes unsupervised during parent working hours. Self care students seem to be at risk for social and academic problems. There has been debate whether self care increases independence but studies have shown that self care is physically dangerous and children have negative developmental outcomes, especially for those of pre-adolescent children. -
1969- First White House Conference of Children and Youth Held
This conference led to the development of the Comprehensive Child Development Act of 1971. This was the most comprehensive child care policy every proposed in the U.S. This act provided the right to all childcare services regardless of socioeconomic status. -
1970s- Changing Family Structures
The changing structures of family shifted from nuclear families that consisted of a father, mother, and children to the pre-American and European family forms. Women started working more and as a result the traditional family structure has changed. They decided to begin careers outside of the home and not live according to male figures. -
1970- The Early Release of “Windows on Daycare”
This was the first national report of the quality of childcare developed by the National Council of Jewish Women. They emphasized severe limitations to quality child care programs in the U.S. It became evident that the U.S. was not prepared to implement a national child care system that would ensure quality programming for children from any age group. So as a result, the 1970 Conference on Childcare was organized by then chief of the U.S. Children’s Bureau, Prof. Edward Zigler. -
1971- The Comprehensive Development Act Vetoed
The Comprehensive Development Act was vetoed by President Nixon after passing Congress. The message sent a harsh message to those wanting universal childcare. No new legislation was passed until 20 years later with the 1990 Child Care and Development Block Grant. -
1971- Research exposing growing equity gap and growing educational needs
Congressional concerns over educational programs did not end with Nixon’s veto in 1971. Concerns about children in self care continued to grow as rates of maternal employment grew and the rate of single family parents grew as well in the 1970s and early 1980s. Senator Dodd initiated and chaired the first Congressional Children’s Caucus in 1983 in which the topic was latchkey children. -
1988- 10. Federal Role in funding Child Care and Afterschool programs including recent 21stCCLC funding proposals
Bruce Babbit, the Democratic party nomination for President in 1988 brought together a group of 12 childcare experts to inform him on the most doable and pressing childcare issues facing the nation and the group agreed that after school childcare was a realistic goal. President Clinton’s interest in after school childcare was a reflection of the first lady’s orientation to improving childcare in the U.S.—the 21st Century Community Learning Centers (21CCLCs). -
1990- Child Care Development and Block Grant (CCDBG)
The first significant federal initiative in school-age care was the CCDBG now called the Child Care Development Fund of CCDF. The grant provides assistant to low income families and those receiving or transitioning off public assistance. Though no specified funds are allocated to after school programs, CCDF funds cans be used to pay for school-age children. -
1991- Funding Sources and Successes and Challenges of After School Programs in CA today
CCDBG funds do not necessarily provide for quality ASPs. The past 15 years represent a period of growth in ASPs. The 1991 National Before and After School Study reported that 1.7 million children in grades K-8 were involved in a formal before/after school program. -
2002- Prop 49
Prop 49 stands for the After School Education and Safety (ASES) Program. The ASES Program funds the establishment of local after school education and enrichment programs for K-9th grade. Current funding is 550 million which is considered a success however, a challenge is priority given to schools with over 50% qualification for free or reduced price lunch program. -
2003- Cutting of the 21CCLC funding by 40% but later was not appropriated
On February 3, 2003, the requested authorization of the Bush Administration wanted to cut 21CCLC funding by 40% or $400 million. However, this was not appropriated by the Senate Appropriation Committee. Since the passing of the NCLB Act of 2002, the funding amount for the 21stCCLCs has basically been frozen. -
2008- 15. Federal Funding for 21stCCLC
On March 11, 2008, the House Subcommittee on Early Childhood Education held a hearing which addressed the potential effects of the president’s budget and reduction in afterschool program spending. Those on board opposed the Bush Administration’s proposed cuts and argued for increased funding. The appropriation of 2008 represented the first sizable increase since 2002 ($999,862).
