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Compulsory Education
Compulsory education along with child labor laws made it mandatory that children be in school rather than the work place. However work outlasted the school day, creating the need for a place to monitor children while parents were at work. Initially it was the "boy's club,' but at the turn of the century there became the realization that students could be push academically and socially at these sorts of places. -
Maternal Employment: WWII
Word War Two would have many more residual effects than just establishing the United States as a economic superpower. WW2 would redefine the workforce and traditional family structures. While the men were away at battle, the US called upon women to fill the labor void. A call that would that would change labor participation to the modern today and create the need children supervision that extended the school day. This trend would last into the 2000's; 78 percent of mothers were employed(2004). -
Inner-cities
Inner cities also factored into the creation of afterschool programs(ASPs). Inner cities were becoming inherently dangerous, prompting the need for parents who worked to be able to send their child until they were able to get off work. Areas where children use to play were becoming turf split between gangs and scenes of drug-related violence. Furthermore ASPs were seen as a societal investment; rather than put a juvenile in prison, it was much more cost effective to enroll them in a ASP. -
Women and Higher Education
As of 1970, women were still largely underrepresented in higher education.Women made up less than 1 percent of the total graduates earning either law or medical degrees. This trend remained consistent at the secondary level as well. Women made up less that 7.4 percent of high school athletes. -
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Supervisional Gap
The Nation's youth underwent a supervisional gap due to changes in family structure. Children are faced with household where both parents work and for most low income families; single-parent households. Student's are left to self-care and the US sees a rise in "latchkey" children. Children who wear their house keys around their necks and must be able to spend periods of time at home alone. As of 2004, over 10 million students from first through twelfth grade have this sort of arrangement. -
The Comprehensive Child Development Act of 1971
The Comprehensive Child Development Act of 1971 was proposed to provide universal child care to United States' families. CCDA would provide $2 billion annually to ensure that the cost of childcare through school-aged children was covered. This Act is considered one of the most ambitious legislation proposed in Congress, yet it passed. However it was later vetoed by President Nixon, initially a supported of the legislation, due to his belief that it would desemble the family dynamic. -
Title IX
Title IX was one the initial equalizers between men and women. While sports and afterschool programs were being offered, they were traditionally for boys only. Title IX stated that women could no longer, on the basis of sex, be excluded, denied , or discriminated under any educational program receiving Federal funding. Them impact of Title IX would extend out of ASPs into curriculum, society, and the workforce. Title IX would also lend itself into reforms for students with disabilities. -
1990 Child Care Development and Block Grant (CCDBG)
The Child Care Development and Block Grant of 1990 was created to provide families that were either receiving or transitioning off of government assistance with subsidized child care expenses. While there isn't any money that is directly set aside for after school care, funds can be allocated to pay for school-aged care. However these is funding set aside from the Elementary and Secondary Education Act to help subsidize both childcare and afterschool childcare. -
1991 National Before and After School Study
The early 1990's was a pivotal research moment for ASPs and how our Nation's children spent their afterschool time. It was discovered that most children were suffering from a supervision gap, and juvenile crime was prevalent between 3-8pm. However this data was valuable in helping educational experts in understanding where/when we should target our before and after school programs. Furthermore it revealed just how many students were involved in those programs. -
The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996
The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 worked to eliminate cash assistance to families who had children in order to receive aid. Instead the program incentivize families to rejoin the workforce. However the program sent millions of women into the workforce, increased the need of childcare and single-headed households. Most states did not have the space for the influx of students they received, however they needed to place an emphasis on funding childcare. -
21st-Century Community Learning Center’s (21CCLCs)
Afterschool programs did not receive their first major victory until the late 1990's with the introduction of 21st-Century Community Learning Center's. This marked a shift in major federal support for ASPs in the US. Furthermore the programs offered an intersection between child, family, school. and community. Programs were targeted toward low-SES students and offered enrichment opportunities such as academics, arts, and music. -
Title IV, Part B of the Leave No Child Behind Act (NCLB)
The 21CCLC proved successful as by the start of the 2000's, approximately 6.7 million students were enrolled in an ASP. However this would change under the Bush Administration during the reauthorization of funds. The reauthorization brought multiple changes (like an emphasis in providing low-SES students with academic enrichment). However this was short lived as the following year would bring a 40% funding cut/freeze by the administration that jeopardized the enrollment of millions of students. -
California’s Proposition 49
Realizing the importance of ASPs, state and local governments scrambled to to maintain funding for ASPs. In 2002, California taxpayers passed the After School Education and Safety Program Act. The ASES Act ensure their was funding through tax increases to continue to support out-of-school learning programs. -
Senate Bill 638
After passing with substantial support, Proposition 49 became Senate Bill 638. Senate Bill 638 made the funds from Prop. 49 readily available by disbursing funds as grants rather than reimbursements. And while the funds need to fund ASES had not been met entirely, yet, educational experts gathered to discuss the implementation of the ASES program. Its success would be dependent on a methodical process to provide students with constructive after school alternatives. -
Arnold's Educational Success
Following the successful passing of Prop. 49 and securement of funding, Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger signed Senate Bill 638 into law. As a result, California was at the forefront of ASPs due to its taxpayers split-funding decision. 386 school districts were now receiving a little over half a billion (taxpayers) dollars in funding to serve its low-income families. -
California Expanded Education Progress
California continues to see success in its out-of-school and after-school learning programs amidst funding difficulties. 500 thousand of California's highest needing students are being offered expanded learning opportunities through nearly 4,300 programs. These students are being offered exposure to art, academic enrichment activities, and STEM.
