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Sep 26, 1500
Trade Network
The first occupants were using a trading system called the Barter System; trade: I give you something, you give me something). Trades were going on between families, groups, and the different tribes (maps, potlatch). -
Sep 26, 1500
Organization and Occupation of the Territory
Around the 1500s, the methods of transportation were mainly canoes & snowshoes. Each individual had an independent role: the men=hunters, the women=farmers and the elderly looked after the children. Fish was in high demand in Europe mostly because the Church banned meat consumption. The European fishermen would sometimes come into contact with the Amerindians, and traded with them. -
Period: Sep 26, 1500 to
Economy & Development
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Triangular Trade
Jean Talon came up with several different attempts to diversify the economy. For example, "the triangular trade". New France would send to France raw materials, France would sell to Africa finished products, pick up slaves in Africa and come back over and give them slaves for raw materials but would fail. There was just way too much demand for the fur trade and not enough people with different skills to diversify the economy. -
Economic Policies (1)
Mercantilism was a big economic policy. Mercantilism is exporting more than u import (revolves around raw material being shipped back to the mother country then the finished products get resold), this really set New France back. -
Economic Policies (2)
At first, New France was very small but eventually grew in size but with a small population. Their main purpose was to export natural resources; like fur, back to France (Mercantilism). The 13 Colonies stayed pretty much the same size, but grew in population, and focused on diverse farming (tobacco, cotton, indigo & fur). -
Economy Based on Fur Trade
At this time, fur was in high demand for high quality hats and coats made by beaver fur. Exploration and expansion of territory to search for more and more furs. New France was constantly expanding. New trading posts were established and Quebec and Three Rivers were founded. -
Chartered Companies
Charted company systems were based on privileges (only allowed to be the ones with rights to fur trade) and obligations. The Company of 100 Associates were supposed to administer and develop the colony but instead, the population remained small and mostly male. They ignored the development of the colony and focused on business.
They don’t want to increase the population unless it’s to work for their companies. -
Economy based on Timber
In 1806, the Blockade by Napoleon occurred and, the rise in the demand for timber. The Bank of Montreal is created in 1817 to allow people to invest and obtain credit. New job opportunities opened up, for example: lumberjack, loggers, sawmills. There was improvement and more development in transportation: canals, railroads, steamships are constructed. -
Economy Based on Fur
The English take charge of the fur-trade economy. The North-West Company was created in 1783 after the American Revolution and merge with the Hudson’s Bay Company in 1821. Starting in the 19th century, the demand for fur trades started to decline. -
Economic policies
Trades with Britain was doing extremely well until Britain ends it’s preferential treatment with Canada, in order to explore new markets. They establish Free Trade-(no customs or duties). Canada needed a new trade alliance. Canada signs a Reciprocity treaty with the USA in 1854 (lasts 10 yrs). This treaty meant customs/duties between the two countries. This benefits Canada because they're selling to more people. -
Industrial Development (2)
Post-war period: Europeans come to Canada because it’s easier to move rather than get back on their feet after the war
HYDROELECTRICITY: Quebec owns all the electricity that goes into houses. Source of capital was now from the USA -
Industrial development (1)
1st phase: produced finish products (shoes, jackets ect)
2nd phase: raw materials-extracted of natural resources from the earth (ore)
WW2-Great depression: people aren’t getting a strong level of income, only way to get out is to spend all the money, but people are to scared because there’s no jobs. War gets them out of the depression; spending money on uniforms and weapons. Women are now taking jobs in the factories. (double income) -
Economic Cycles
Phases of economic growth:
1st and 2nd phase of industrialization, 1st World War (women start working in factories, men go to war),
Roaring twenties-spend a lot of money,
2n World War and the Post-war period,
Quiet revolution, positive effects of globalization
Phases of recession:
Economic crisis; the 30s Great Depression, oil crisis of 1973, recession since the years 1980 and 1990, negative effects of globalization. -
Population Changes
From 1871-1901, the population. of Quebec & Canada increased by 30-49%, Quebec. Birth rate stays very high, but people kept leaving Quebec. There were better jobs in the USA. If you could form a union, it would be for better working conditions. The rich lived well but most did not. Pollution was everywhere, no piped water, poor sanitation, diseases were rampant, most of the working class were malnourished. There was a high mortality rate. -
Economic Policies
The Nationalist politics of MacDonald (1878): “The National Policy” John MacDonald's policies:
-Increase Custom Duties: Protect/Promote Canadian Industries by ensuring Canadians bought Canadian goods.
-Build Railways: The Canadian Pacific Railway was to run coast to coast, unify people and increase trade.
-Encourage Immigration: Especially in Western Canada, the bigger the population, bigger the market. -
Beginning of industrialization
The first Phase Industrialization came to Quebec in the late 19th century. Skilled craftsmen were using costly and time consuming methods: factories, first assembly lines, more efficient, dangerous, boring work. These first manufacturing industries were powered by coal/steam engines (mostly steam powered). Most important industries at the time were: fish, fur, timber/wheat and dairy. -
Worker's Demands
The development of unions: the first unions (CTCC) to the larger central unions (CSN, FTQ, CSQ). The topic of the demands were mainly working conditions & living conditions. The strikes and lockouts-(lockout: owner has kept the employee out), are the 2 ways of how they would protest. Unions where there to protect the people. -
The Great Depression
In 1929 the stock market crashed, leaving a lot of people unemployed. People were buying shares in companies on borrowed money, but when debts were called in the stocks dropped. We refer to this period as "The Great depression".
Stocks dropped below zero, people were ruined, many committed suicide. Many sectors of the economy were hit hard (Wheat farmers especially, made worse by drought of insects), Lot's of people got laid off & Families bought as little as possible. -
Government Solutions
The government came up with several solutions to help out families
-Public works projects to boost economy (men that are out of work can work on public project hired by the government)
-Work camps (living and working in camps, government pays)
-Direct aid (ex: foods stamps, going to grocery stores to get food)
-Encouraged farming (if you farmed, you could at least eat: animals, plants & sell products)
The start of WW2 in 1939 led to a huge economic boost and the finally depression ended. -
Main Features
Make the Quebec government the major force behind Quebec's social and economic development by greatly increasing the role of the state in both of these sectors (Hydro-Quebec became government owned, trans-canada expanded, Montreal Metro).
To modernize Quebec's educational system and to allow it to catch up to the other provinces in Canada, (parent Committee, free public school till 16, MEQ created)
To weaken the influence of the Church and to end Quebec's political isolation. -
The Quiet Revolution
The Quiet Revolution, started in Quebec in 1960 with the electoral defeat of the Union Nationale by Jean Lesage and his Liberal Party. It's best described as a fast and far-reaching process of social, economic, & political reform in Quebec, from the early to the late 1960s. It can be called the beginning of the welfare state, where we see a massive increase in government intervention. Women are now fully encouraged to go to University and get a job. This was a revolution with guns, weapons ect. -
Quebec Overall (1)
Quebec is in a period of modernization: jobs moved away from rural or hard labour, you have more intellectuals, university trained specialists. Union membership also doubled, as commissions were established to promote industries like steel & mining. Quebecers are upset that they aren’t getting paid equal amounts as the Anglophones, & don’t have the same job opportunities. One of the last large projects was the creation of the James Bay hydroelectric dams in the 1980s. -
Quebec Overall (2)
An Oil Crisis in the late 1970s and 1980s led to a recession and the Disengagement of the State. Many government companies were privatized. In more recent history...Canada entered into trade agreements with the USA (The Free Trade agreement of 1988) and also Mexico (NAFTA signed in 1993). Which shows the ever increasing effects of globalization.
