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Sep 26, 1500
The Effects of Economic Activity on the Organization of the Society and the Territory
Economic development of a society is related to its resources and to the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services. 16th century to present, the economy of Quebec has been characterized by the uneven development of its region, in particular with regard to resources development of its regions and resource development and employment. At different periods, resources such as fish, beaver, timber and ore have contributed to the economic development of the territory. -
Sep 26, 1500
First Occupants' Trade Network
The trade network is the structure of the economic activity (fish, fur, timber)
The types of production according to different groups:
Trading system and notion of ownership such as the barter system (people exchanged services and goods for other services and goods in return) or the value of objects defined according to one’s needs
Trade network between families, groups, and the various tribes, ex. maps... -
Period: Sep 26, 1500 to
Economy
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Economy Based on Fur Trade 17th Century
Insufficiently dense population, required the Natives alliance to do the hunting.
Exploration and enlargement of territory to search for more and more furs. New France was constantly expanding.
Establishment of trading posts: foundation of the towns of Quebec and Three Rivers. -
Alliances and Rivalries
Alliances with certain aboriginal groups meant that the Europeans were at times pulled into Native conflicts and vice versa for the Natives who were pulled into battles for European control of resources. The Iroquois were allied with the British with the exception of the Hurons who were allied with the French just like the Algonquins. -
Chartered Companies
The charted company system was based on privileges and obligations. Privileges such as: they were allowed to be the only ones with rights to the fur trade. Obligations such as: they were supposed to administer and develop the colony. However, there were negative impacts of the chartered company system on the society and territory such as the population was kept small and mostly male and they ignored the development of the colony (one of their obligations). -
Agriculture Activity
During this time, families plants just enough to provide for their family. This method was called: subsistence agriculture.
Attempts to diversify the economy by Jean Talon (triangular trade) would fail. The triangular trade was a multilateral system of trading in which a country pays for its imports from one country by its exports to another. There was simply too much demand for the fur trade and not enough people with different skills to diversify this necessity. -
Mercantilism
Mercantilism is theory of financial organization. European Countries thought it was essential to possess as much gold as possible, so, you would accomplish this by exporting more than you import. Take in natural resources from colonies you had control over and sell finished goods. -
Economy Based on Fur Trade 18th Century
The fur trade economy passes from the hands of the French to those of the English. In 1738, the North-West Company was created after the American Revolution and merged with the Hudson’s Bay Company in 1821. At the beginning of the 19th century, there was a decline in the fur trade. -
Economy Based on Timber
Blockade by Napoleon in 1806 and the rise in the demand for timber. Creation of the Bank of Montreal in 1817 to allow people to invest and obtain credit. New jobs were created such as: lumberjack, loggers and sawmills. Improvement and development of transportation such as: canals, railroads, steamships. -
Economic Policies Beginning of the 19th Century
Trade with Britain was doing extremely well until Britain ends it’s preferential/protectionist treatment with Canada in order to explore new markets thus establishing Free Trade (no customs nor duties). Canada needed a new trade alliance so they signed a Reciprocity treaty with the USA in 1854 (to last 10 yrs). This treaty meant customs/duties between the two countries was temporarily ceased. It was proved as an advantage for Canadian producers, because the states were such a large market. -
Industrial Development
The phases of industrial development:
1st phase (1867-1900): Finished products (shoes, jackets, etc.)
2nd phase (1900-1930): Raw materials (extracting a natural resource from the earth, ex. ore)
War period (1939-1945) World War 2
Post-war period (1945-1970) many women are now working in factories, then males also join in on getting an income later on.
The source of capital of Canada was now from the USA -
First Phase of Industrialization in Quebec
There was a change in the old style where skilled craftsmen used slow and costly methods to produce goods. Now many factories were built. They employed cheap, unskilled labour to operate machinery that mass produced goods quickly at low cost. -
Population Changes
From 1871 to 1901, the population of Quebec & Canada rose 30-49%. Quebec birth rate remained very high, however people kept leaving because the farms were still over crowded. Better jobs in the USA, Ontario, Western Canada so there was large emigrations. Pollution was everywhere, no piped water, poor sanitation, diseases were rampant and most of the working class were malnourished. 1/3 of children didn’t live to their first birthday, there was a high mortality rate. -
Economic Cycles
The impact of economic cycles on the organization of society and territory are:
The phases of economic growth (1st and 2nd phase of industrialization, 1st World War, Roaring twenties, 2n World War and the Post-war period, Quiet revolution, positive effects of globalisation).
The phases of recession (Economic crises: 1873-1879, 1929, The 30s, oil crisis of 1973, recession since the years 1980 and 1990, negative effects of globalization). -
Economic Policies End of the 19th Century
The Nationalist politics of MacDonald (1878). The national policy
Three Main Points:
-Increase Custom Duties: Protect/Promote Canadian Industries by ensuring Canadians bought Canadian goods.
-Build Railways: The Canadian Pacific Railway was to run coast to coast, unify people, increase trade.
-Encourage Immigration: Especially in Western Canada, bigger population = bigger market. -
Urban Expansion
Development in the cities, concentration of services (transportation, hospitals, education, etc.), construction of infrastructures (aqueducts, sewers), development of suburbs and rural exodus are all consequences to the urban expansion. -
Workers' Demands
Development of unions: the first unions CTCC to the larger central unions such as CSN, FTQ & CSQ. The constant main demands: working conditions, living conditions, salary, etc. If the workers are not pleased with the lack of effort on their demands, they will strike and perform lockouts to show their frustration in hopes of making the government aware that they need and want change. -
The Great Depression
Cause: The stock market crash of 1929. People were buying shares in companies on borrowed money, when debts were called in, the stocks plummeted. “Black Thursday” was the day the stocks dropped below zero, many committed suicide because of this. The boom that happened consequently to WW1 came to an abrupt end thus characterizing the 1930s as the Great Depression. Most sectors of the economy were hit hard (Wheat Farmers especially), there were massive lay offs and families bought very little. -
Government Solutions to the Great Depression
Public works projects to boost economy, work camps, direct aid and encouraged farming. Finally the start of WWII in 1939 led to a huge economic boost and the depression ended. -
Main Features of the Quiet Revolution
To make the Quebec government the major force behind Quebec's social and economic development by greatly increasing the role of the state in both of these sectors (Hydro-Quebec became government owned, trans-canada expanded and the Montreal Metro was built)
To modernize Quebec's educational system and to allow it to catch up to the other provinces in Canada. (Parent Committee, free public school till 16, MEQ created)
To weaken the influence of the Church and to end Quebec's political isolation -
The Quiet Revolution
The Quiet Revolution, also known as La Révolution Tranquille, began in Quebec in 1960 with the electoral defeat of the Union Nationale by Jean Lesage and his Liberal Party. It can be best described as a rapid and far-reaching process of social, economic, and political reform in Quebec from the early to the late 1960s. It can be called the beginning of the welfare state, where we see a massive increase in government intervention. -
Oil Crisis
An Oil Crisis in the late 1970s and 1980s led to a recession and the
Disengagement of the State. Many government companies were privatized. -
Trade Agreements
Canada entered into trade agreements with the USA (The Free Trade agreement of 1988) and also Mexico (NAFTA (north American free trade agreement) signed in 1993). Which shows the ever increasing effects of globalization.
