-
Oct 9, 1500
Aboriginal Barter Trading System
Before the arrival of the europeans, Amerindians would use the Barter trading system. It was when the Natives would trade what they had excess of and only got what they needed in return. No money involved. Long distances were travelled. A popular trade item was obsidian as it made sharp tools. Trade wasn't used for profit , but to get essential goods. Trade also built and maintained relationships between tribes, formalized meetings between chiefs, help in peace negotiations and pay war tributes. -
Period: Oct 9, 1500 to
Economy and Developpment
-
Oct 20, 1500
Native American Division of Labour
Natives American's divided labour based on sex. Women typically were in charge of gathering food, hunting small animals, cooking, etc. Men hunted, cut down trees, traded with the trades, among other things. What jobs they did could change based on linguistic group, for example Iroquois women did agriculture, Algonquian women didn't do this because they're group is nomadic and does not do agriculture. -
Oct 27, 1503
Slash and Burn Agriculture
In order to fertilize the land, Natives, primarily Iroquois because they were sedentary, would cut down agriculture and burn it. The burnt vegetation would give soil the nutrients it needed. When land became depleted, the Aboriginals left the land. -
Oct 9, 1505
European Explorations
In the 15th and 16th century Europeans went on explorations trying to find a route to Asia, but discovered America instead. The first discovery was by Christopher Columbus in 1492. At this time, most of Europe was Catholic, it has lots of fast days where meat isn't eaten. Fish was very popular to eat in Europe, and in the 15th and 16th century they had very little fish left. Explorers went farther out in the Atlantic Ocean to find fish. Ex; John Cabot discovering cod in Newfoundland in 1497. -
Oct 9, 1510
Fisheries (part 1)
Many europeans went to Newfoundland to fish cod during the summer and go back to Europe in the winter where they could make a profit off the fish. Fish would be dried because they needed to stay good until they got to Europe. The europeans had two ways of doing this, green fish and dried fish. Green fish was when the fish was salted until being prepared, it needed to be boiled to get rid of the salt. -
Oct 10, 1510
Fisheries (part 2)
The dried fish method consisted of wooden structures on the shore where the fishermen would arrange the fish. Since they were on land, the europeans had more contact with the natives. When they made more contact, the natives wanted mirrors, metals, clothes, etc. from the europeans and the europeans wanted fur from the natives. They groups did trade with each other, and started the fur trade. -
Establishment of Quebec City
Once the europeans started making more contact with the natives, they traded metal tools, beads, mirrors, clothes etc. in return for fur from the Amerindians. To make this trade easier french merchants set up trading posts. In 1608, Quebec was established by Samuel de Champlain, so the fur can be received on Algonquin territory and near the St. Lawrence river so the fur can be shipped out to France. -
The Charter Company System
Between 1601 and 1627, fur companies were given monopolies by the King in exchange for populating the colony. These companies kept being replaced one after another because they didn't think that population New France was profitable. In 1627, the monopoly was given to the Company of 100 Associates, in hopes that they'd bring people to the colony. The company failed and the governement took over the task of populating New France in 1663. -
King Louis XIV
King Louis XIV was the king of France during in 1663, when the state of France took over the colony of New France. The state took over the colony after the company of 100 associates failed to settle the land. He only let one fur trading company, Dutch West India Company, trade fur in New France after 1663. The company stopped it's trade in 1674 -
Alliances and Rivalries
France and Algonquins, Hurons and Montagnais did trade together. They gave France fur and France gave them protection. England, France's enemy, was allied with the Iroquois, who wanted to destroy the Hurons. Many Hurons died because they were at was with the Iroquois and Natives in general were dying of European diseases. The French wanted as little of their trade partners dead as possible so in 1667 a treaty was signed to keep peace between the two tribes, the treaty lasted until 1680. -
Mercantilism
Mercantilism is a type of economy that was used in New France during the state's rule of the colony. It started in 1663 and lasted well into the British regime, except in 1763 it switched from French to British mercantilism. This economy is when the colony (New France) gives their raw material to their mother country (France.) The mother country transforms the raw materials into manufactured goods and sells them to the colony. In the end, the mother country makes money. -
Hudson's Bay Company
Land that was northwest of the great lakes were not explorer until the 17th century. When 2 french explorer's discovered lots of beavers, that could be used for their fur, they asked the King of France if he was interested in the land. The French King thought it was too expensive, but the British King was interested. The land became British and the Hudson's Bay Company was established as a fur trading company that got their fur from the Hudson's Bay. -
Commerce and Explorations
Throughout the 17th century, France sent exploratory expeditions around North America, around the Great lake, the Ohio rivers and Mississippi. Trading posts and forts were set up along the continent, expanding the colony. Jean Talon was in favour of these trading posts because he felt that it kept the french domination of the fur trade and stopped the 13 colonies from expanding. This expansion increased trade between France and the Natives. -
Triangular Trade
With the establishment of mercantilism, in 1663, French colonies and France imported and exported goods within the empire. The Antilles supplied France and New France with sugar, molasses, rum, etc. New France provided fur, wood and fish for France and the Antilles and France supplied manufactured goods to it's colonies. This was known as the triangular trade, it ended after the British took over New France in 1763. -
Diversified Economic Activities
When France took over the administration of New France, in 1663, they attempted to diversify the economy of the colony. Although fur remained the main export of the colony, iron works (St. Maurice ironworks company) and ship building were (the royal navy shipyard) etc. being established. As more people came to the colony, agriculture began to gain popularity and segneries developed around the St. Lawrence river to make exportation of agriculture easier. This continued until the British in 1763. -
British Conquest
In 1763, the Treaty of Paris was signed, giving New France to Britain. The colony received the name, province of Quebec and fur from the colony was given to Britain, not France. A British mercantilism was established, meaning raw materials would be shipped to Great Britain and the manufactured goods sold to the colony. After England took over, many French businessmen left and British businessmen came. Poorer French people stayed in the colony and now traded with Britain instead of France. -
Decline of Fur Trade Popularity
From the beginning of the British regime onwards, the fur trade slowly declined in popularity. Firstly, in Britain fur was popular as it was in France. Also, Britain was at war with France, so they didn't have time for fur trade. Finally, the land around the great lakes, where the canadiens normally got their fur, was given to the natives. The canadiens couldn't get as much fur anymore. These all caused fur trade popularity to decrease, timber became the colony's main export. -
North West Company
In 1783, the North West Company was established, it was a fur company created to compete with the Hudson's Bay Company. In 1821, the Hudson's Bay Company and the North West Company were encouraged to merge by the government. Fur at this time was not very popular and the competition was to expensive for the government so they became one company under the name Hudson's Bay Company. -
Increase of Timber Trade Popularity (part 1)
In the early 1800s, Great Britain needed wood because most of their trees had been cut down and the French put an embargo on their imports. Britain decided to start importing timber from Canada. This wood was used to make, barrels, ships, etc. The timber trade made new jobs in the colony like lumberjack, mills, loggers, etc. New transportation, like canals, railroads and steamships, were created as well. -
Increase of Timber Trade Popularity (part 2)
The timber industry became very profitable by the mid 19th century and some seigneurs cut down the trees on their land to sell. New territories, like Saguenay, were colonized to exploit their forests. Timber was transported through waterways. -
Napoleon's Embargo
In 1806, Napoleon imposed a continental embargo, which stopped ships from going to the water between Britain and France. This embargo stopped countries from importing their goods to Britain, at this time Britain was also running low on timber and needed other countries to import timber to them. Great Britain turned to Canada to ship the timber in their land to them. -
Great Britain's Protectionist Policies
In the early 19th century, Britain established protectionist policies, like the corn laws. These policies put tariffs on products that were imported to Britain, except for Canadian products. They encouraged British people to buy Canadian products because they were cheaper. Protectionism lasted until 1846 when free trade was established, meaning there were no customs or duties put on any importation of goods from any country in Great Britain. -
Reciprocity Treaty
After free trade was established, Canada needed a new trading partner. European countries did not want to trade with them because the shipping would cost more for them than if they traded with other European countries. So, Canada and the US signed the reciprocity treaty in 1854, which removed tariffs from raw materials primarily manufactured goods, between the two. This treaty benefited farmers who wished to diversify their crops. It lasted for 10 years. -
First Phase of industrialization (part 1)
Quebec started to industrialize in the last third on the 1800s. Workers changed from talented craftsmen in a cottage, creating expensive products turned into unskilled labourers making cheaper products more efficiently in a factory, their job was more dangerous though. Factories were appearing in cities, attracting people, living in rural areas and european immigrants to the cities by creating jobs in the factories. -
First Phase of Industrialization (part 2)
Factories produced things like, leather, flour, cigars, etc. The machinery in the factories were powered by steam and coal. They were very dangerous to work in. The homes of factory workers were very bad too, there was no running water, toilets, or electricity. The first phase of industrialization ended in 1900. -
Confederation of Canada (part 1)
Canada incorporated 4 provinces when it was established, Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. After Britain abandoned it's protectionism over it's colonies, they had to develop trade relations with one another to deal with international competition, trading as one nation would be easier. In the 1860s, the US wanted more land and British North America wanted to take the west for themselves,they couldn't take it if they were still a colony. Also, the reciprocity treaty was not renewed. -
Confederation of Canada (part 2)
Economic organizations were divided between the provincial and federal governement when Canada began. The federal government took charge of money, banking, trade, commerce and export. Provincial governments controlled economic development, granting commercial licenses, company incorporations, administration of sales and public land, and provincial taxes. Both governments shared the jurisdictions like exploitation and export of natural resources and raw materials, agriculture and immigration. -
Urbanization
Due to the emerge of new industries and the decrease of people needed on farms, due to new farming technology, lots of people moved to the city to get jobs in the factories. Working class neighbourhoods were established near the cities, and the living conditions there were very bad. The buildings were made out of wood, there was no running water, electricity or toilets. The factories had poor working conditions to, these conditions caused strikes and worker union's later on. -
Colonization of New Regions and Emigration
The popularization of the timber trade and the overpopulation of farms lead to the colonization of new lands like Saguenay, Mauricie, Outaouais and Laurentides. Many Canadians went to work in American companies because their industries were more developed and the jobs payed better. Some people moved to Western Canada too. -
National Policy
In order to help the new nation of Canada's economy, John A. MacDonald established the national policy which did 3 main things to help boost the economy. The first one was the increase in customs and duties, which protected Canadian industries by encouraging Canadians to buy Canadian products. Also, a railway was built from one coast to another to make trade easier and united the provinces. Finally, immigration to the west was encouraged by the government, so that land would become Canadian. -
Dairy Industry
In the late 1800s, the dairy industry developed. Milk, butter, cheese and cream were exported. By 1890, 80% of Canadian cheese was for export, but butter was normally sold locally. To support growth of dairy industry, schools were put in place by the government in area where dairy products were made, like St. Denis. -
Canadian Pacific Railway
After all 4 provinces put their money together, they had enough to make a railway between the provinces. A railway allowed for a better domestic market because it could transport goods from the companies from one part of dominion to another. When MacDonald came to power this railway was his main priority, but the constuction was delayed by because of labor shortage, uneven terrain, and disputes with natives. -
Manufacturer's Act and Unions
Factory worker's jobs were dangerous, they were overworked, children worked from a young age, etc. The manufacturer's Act, created in 1885, protected their health and safety. The minimum work age became 14 for girls and 12 for boys. The maximum work hours per week became 72.5 for men and 60 for women. In the 1920s, American unions started influencing Quebec workers as they felt powerless. The church established the CTCC union in 1921. Unions like, FTQ and CSQ, were created later. -
Second Phase of Industrialization
With the Canadian protectionist policies put in place, the second phase of began in 1900 and ended in 1929. Companies during this time did pulp and paper, mines, etc. it was powered by hydroelectricity and oil. The success of these companies relied on their ability to compete with other companies, the competition made companies decrease their prices. Factories would be placed next to sources of energy (hydroelectric dam, etc.) and railway. So energy and exportation would be cheaper. -
Wheat Industry
During the 2nd phase of industrialization, wheat cultivation was popular in the west and the Canadian wheat industry developed. It was cheap and easy to export, it would be shipped east to Montreal and then west and to the US. The wheat industry ended in the great depression. -
WWI and Roaring Twenties
From World War One until 1929, Canada made lots of money from supplying food and weapons to their allies in Europe as they were not fighting in the war. Canadian industries modernized due to the war, sectors like mining, Iron,etc developed.The 20s were a time of economic prosperity. Europe lost money due to the war, Canada and the US helped the world economy. This was also a time of cultural growth, movies were very popular and electricity started appearing in homes (mostly richer homes though.) -
The Great Depression
In 1929, industries overproduced as they thought they'd sell more if they did. But the products were not bought and their value went down, people took out their stocks and the stock market crashed. Many people were unemployed and poor. The government had to intervene to help the economy, they put up tariffs, public work projects and work camps were made to make more jobs. Direct aid was given too. Farming was encouraged. The depression ended during WW2 as Canadians sold to their European allies. -
Quiet Revoltution
In the 60s, Quebec went through major political, social, cultural and economic changes, this was known as the quiet revolution. Quebec intervened more in the economy and became a welfare state, which meant the government funded the economy of the state and enhanced the purchasing power of consumers while also creating jobs. -
Economic Nationalism
In fear of American imperialism taking over the Quebec. The province's government bought most of the electricity companies in Quebec to nationalize the production and distribution of electricity. In 1962 Hydro-Quebec was created by the governement, it played important role in province’s development because demand for electricity is constantly increasing. This decreased the church's power because they used to run the schools, but now the government did. -
Tertiary Sector
In the 60s and 70s, the tertiary sector developed, due to the modernization of Quebec's economy. This sector includes services, like restaurants or stores. The traditional sectors (like factories) moved to third world countries. -
Quebec's economy Today
The Quebec government, after owning many companies, got themselves into a lot of dept. They sold and privatized most of them, although they kept some like hydro-quebec. Canada also has free trade with the US and Mexico because of NAFTA. Before NAFTA, only Canada and the US had free trade due to CUSFTA (1989) that was negotiated by Mulroney in 1986.
