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1500
The Aboriginal Trade Network
The aboriginals traded with other families and tribes. When they traded with the other groups this was called the barter system. For example, the Algonquins would trade there meet for the Algonquins fruits vegetables because the Algonquins had lots of meat (nomadic lifestyle) whereas the Iroquois had big gardens (sedentary lifestyle). -
1500
Beginning of the Fur Trades Between Europeans and Aboriginals
The European fishermen were cold so the Amerindians offered fur for metal objects because they didn't have metal. The Europeans brought the fur back and realized they made much more profit with the fur than with fish. They then made alliances with each other with is how it all started. -
1500
Fisheries
In 1497, the Catholic church band meat for about five months as a consequence the demand for fish was extremely high. So the Europeans went to Labrador and Newfoundland to fish and then brought the fish back to France. They got to know the Amerindians and got into some arguments. -
Period: 1500 to
Economy and Development
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Fur Trade's Impact on the Economy During the French Regime
Mostly beaver pelts were exported from New France to France. The French formed alliances with the Amerindians because they had good hunting skills and a bigger population. The king granted a monopoly but then canceled it because they ran into trouble in New France. The trade network continued and extended causing the french to make a trading post. The business began getting too big, prices went down and it was threatening the seigneuries. In 1750 fur trade was 70% of the exports. -
Currency
The currency in New France was the pound (also used in Europe). Often times they would be lacking cash or coins so they would use animal pelts or wheat to represent money. An intendant of New France came up with another solution to use playing cards. When ships came back to France the people could exchange the playing cards for paper money or coins. There were also certificates with the amount of money. An issue encountered was during the conquest people were not getting reimbursed. -
Economy Policies: Mercantilism
Mercantilism is a way to make money on commerce. The main idea was that you had to export more than you imported. They wanted to increase the exports of silver, gold and other expensive metals. It is pretty much impossible to export more so, in the end, it didn't work out or boost the economy. -
Changes in the Economy after 1663
Mercantilism was changing after 1663 because of French intendant Jean Talon. The principal was to supply all of the colonies still being able to bring needed products back to Europe. Certain things were still imported from France but most made and used in the new colony. To be able to make most things in North America Jean talon brought farming animals from France so they could stop depending on France. -
Chartered Companies
A chartered company is a company with a goal to trade colonize and/or explore. These companies began in North America in the 17th century. A big company that we still have today is Hudson’s Bay. It was founded for the purpose of trading. Pierre-Esprit Radisson and Médard Chouart Des Groseilliers (founders) got no support from the French government so they turned to Great Britain and founded the company in 1670. -
Agricultural Activities
Most peasants still lived on the seigneuries so agriculture was the way to pay the lord back. Although factories have made some leave the country life many are still using the system meaning that agriculture was still a huge part of their daily life. Around 1750 farmers had the most common job because they simply lived off the land and with a big family stuff in the garden got done fast because the kids were also put to work. -
The Fur Economy
The British took over the fur trade during the British regime. The territory expanded around Hudson's bay and the great lakes. Several merchants formed the Northwest Company which merged with the French company Hudson’s Bay after the American Revolution. The fur trade economy declined by the beginning of the 19th century. -
Northwest Company
Northwest company was a fur trading business competing with Hudsons bay. The two companies later merged in 1821. The fur trade economy lost business later and timber took over. -
Timber
Timber trading was present before but became famous during the British Regime. Napoleon blocked the importation of timber from the north of Europe so the merchants saw an opportunity and started logging in Lower Canada. The timber business was exceeding the fur trade at that time. The timber industry also created new job opportunities including lumberjack, loggers, sawmills. This also positively affect the transportation in America. -
Transportation
The need for better transportation started when upper Canada farms started having trouble sending produce to lower Canada because of the rapids it was almost impossible to cross by boat. Then the Lachine Canal was built, then the Rideau Canal and finally the Chambly Canal. They also started building the first railroad from the South Shore of Montreal to st jean sur Richelieu. -
Impact of Industrialization
As time went on business men started factories in Canada. Starting in 1850 there were three main sectors. The primary sector is when you extract the good for example farming or hunting. The secondary sector is when you turn those goods into something which is how factories started, for example, they would put chemicals in the milk and then put them in a carton and then the tertiary sector is where you can buy the products, you could find milk in a supermarket. -
Economic Policies
Britain decides to end protection treatment in Canada so there were no taxes or duties. The reciprocity treaty with the USA was an agreement to stop import duties. It advanced the trading between the 2 countries. American politicians were pressure by the protectionist of Canada who wanted to cancel this policy which soon happened. -
Changes in Population
The birth rate was still very high mostly for religious purposes but people were still moving out of Quebec because farms were still too crowded and machines were taking jobs. The pollution was bad, only ⅓ children made it past their first birthday. For these reasons, several moved to the US. -
Exploiting Ressources
Resources were exploited from all over in these times there were all kinds of transportations means therefor people all around the world were exchanging items they either could not make or were to expensive from other countries. -
The Nationalist Policies
There were three main ideas that all coincided. Firstly, he wanted to build the railway from one coast to another. Secondly, he wanted more immigrants and thirdly to up the taxes. All three to make our economy richer. -
National Policy
The national policy favored immigration, firstly by building a railway from coast to coast. So immigrant could move more west where no one lived. Goods were sent back and forth and items from the United States were being taxed. -
Economy cycles (dates aren't perfect)
First came the first phase of industrialization from 1885-1900, then the second phase of industrialization from 1900-1910. World war 1 was from 1910-1920. Then a good period called the roaring 20s from 1920-1930. Soon after the great depression from 1930-1940. Then world war 2 from 1940-1950. From 1950-1960 Duplessis served as the 16th Premier of the Canadian province of Quebec. Finally the quiet revolution from 1960-1970. -
Industrialization
Industrialisation created jobs with no training needed because of big factories. People would do one simple task repeatedly every day. For obvious reasons the pay was low. This developed cities like Montréal, Québec and Trois Rivières. No sick days, and if you did anything your boss diff like he could hit you or fire you. -
The Working Class
The working class lived very near the factories because they did not have cars and it was close. The houses near the factories were not expensive because of the smoke. They did not have running water, electricity, or a working toilet. The conditions in the factories were horrible, the boss in the factory could beat you, could tell you to do things dangerous for your well being and could fire you for just about anything he didn't like. -
The Great Depression
The fall of stock prices was the main cause leading to the great depression. Companies had to fire workers started producing less and banks went bankrupt. All this lead to great poverty, sickness, and lots of suicide. 25 billion dollars (people's personal money) was lost during this period. -
The Quiet Revolution
Duplessis loved religion and country life, he did everything in his favor to keep Quebec a traditional lifestyle. The quiet revolution was a time of change in Canada mostly because of Jean Lesage in 1960. He believed that education was not only to learn about the Catholic religion but education like science and math was also important. He got french Canadians involved in the managerial positions and started nationalizing many private companies. -
Free tarde
A free trade is when two or more countries agree to accept products and export them with fewer duties. The purpose is to increase business between the counties. An agreement of such was made in 1988 between Canada the US and Mexico.
