-
1500
Trading
-The natives had a trading system
-The value of object was determined by someone's needs
-Trade between families, groups and tribes -
1500
Transportation
-Canoes made of birch bark used to travel along lakes and rivers
-Snowshoes made of wood and animal skin used to walk on snow
-Natives taught the Europeans how to use these modes of transportation -
1500
Fishing
-Europeans fished in New France because their fish supply was limited in Europe
-They transported fish from New France to Europe
-Fish was smoked, salted or sun dried to preserve it -
1500
Alliances and rivalries
-Europeans that allied with Natives were pulled into their conflicts and vice versa
-Natives fought in European battles for control of resources -
Period: 1500 to
Economy and development
-
Fur trade
-Population was insufficiently dense so the Native alliance did the hunting
-New France expanded because of exploration and enlargement of the territory to search for more furs
-Trading posts were established
-Three Rivers and Quebec were founded -
Mercantilism
-The king of France practiced it
-Consists of exporting more than you import
-Raw materials were imported from New France
-They were manufactured in France
-They were then sold for profit -
100 Associates
-They had influence on the organisation of society and territory
-They had privileges such as being the only ones with rights for fur trade
-They had obligations such as administering and developing the colony
-Population was kept small and mostly male
-The companies ignored the development of the colony -
Agriculture
-Subsistence agriculture: planting enough to provide for your family
-Jean Talon attempted to diversify the economy (triangular trade)
-This failed because there was too high of a demand for fur trade and there weren't enough people with different skills to diversify -
Timber
-Blockade by Napoleon increased the demand for timber
-New jobs were created: Lumberjacks, loggers, sawmills
-Canals, railroads and steamships were an improvement in transportation
-Transportation improved > economy increased
-Business people are happy because their profit increases
-Farmers were unhappy because their tax dollars weren't benefiting them -
Economic policies
-Britain ended its protectionist/preferential treatment with Canada
-They establish free trade and explore new markets
-Canada signs a treaty of reciprocity with the USA (10 years)
-This treaty means that customs and duties between them ceased
-Since the USA had a large market, this benefited Canadas economy -
First Phase of Industrialization
-Costly and time consuming methods
-Factories and first assembly lines are more efficient but dangerous and boring work
-Coal and steam engines powered the first manufacturing industries
-Food processing industries in Montreal
-Quebec stopped farming wheat and specialized in dairy, textiles, wood -
Urban expansion
-Development in the cities:
-Concentration of services (transportation, hospitals, education…)
-Infrastructure (aqueducts, sewers). -Development of suburbs.
-Rural exodus. -
Opening of new regions
-Opening of Abitibi, Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean, Mauricie, Côte-Nord and Gaspésie
-Caused Regional development because of the development of different industries and the exploitation of resources -
National policies
-Sir John A. MacDonald, the first prime minister of Canada, created economic policies
-Increase custom duties: protect and promote Canadian industries by ensuring Canadians bought Canadian goods
-Build Railways: The Canadian Pacific Railway runs coast to coast, unifying people and increasing trade
-Encourage Immigration: Especially in the Western part of Canada, a bigger population means a bigger market -
Unions
-First unions (CTCC)
-Larger Central unions (CSN, FTQ, CSQ)
-Workers payed a fee to be in a union
-Representative expresses safety concerns and gives demands to the employer
-If demands aren't met, the workers strike -
Population changes
-National policies favored immigration
-From 1871-1901, the population of Quebec and Canada rose 30-49%
-Quebec Birth rate remains very high, however people kept leaving Quebec
-Farms were still over crowded
-People were moving to urban centers, new unskilled labor demands
-Better jobs in the USA, Ontario and Western Canada so people emigrated
-High mortality rate -
Economic cycles
Phases of economic growth:
-1st and 2nd phase of industrialization, WW1, Roaring 20s, WW2 and the Post-war period and the Quiet revolution all had positive effects on globalization
Phases of recession:
-Economic crises: 1873-1879, 1929, The 30s, oil crisis of 1973 and recession since the years 1980 and 1990 all had negative effects on globalization -
Exploitation of resources
-By sector and by period such as agriculture, forest, mining and hydroelectricity, natural resources are exploited (ex:ore, pulp & paper)
-Source of capital in different economic sectors
-Crown corporations are born (companies owned by the government) -
Cause of the Great Depression
-Caused by the stock market crash of 1929
-People bought shares in companies using borrowed money from the bank. Share prices dropped, people panicked and wanted their shares recalled and people couldn't pay back the bank because of shares dropping -
Effects of the Great Depression
-Stocks dropped below zero, people were ruined, many committed suicide. This was called Black Thursday
-The 1930’s are called the Great Depression because the boom that had occurred as a result of the first world war ended suddenly
-Most sectors of the economy were hit hard (Wheat Farmers lost profit because drought and plague of insects compromised their crops
-Massive lay offs
-Families bought as little as possible, meaning shop owners didn't make money -
Government solutions
-Public works projects to boost economy
-Work Camps
-Direct Aid
-Encouraged Farming
-Drafted people into the army
-Made women work in factories
-Encouraged farming (farmers could feed their families) -
Main aspects of the Quiet Revolution
-Began with the electoral defeat of the Union Nationale by Jean Lesage and Liberal Party
-Social, economic, and political reform
-Government intervention is increased
Goals:To make the Quebec government the major force behind Quebec's social and economic development by increasing the role of the state in both sectors, to modernize Quebec's educational system and to allow it to catch up to the other provinces in Canada, to weaken the influence of the Church and end Quebec's political isolation. -
Effects of the Quiet Revolution
-Period of modernization
-Jobs moved away from rural or hard labor
-More intellectuals, university trained specialists
-Union membership doubled, as commissions were established
-Quebecers are upset that they aren’t getting paid equal amounts as the Anglophones, and don’t have the same job opportunities
-Creation of the James Bay hydroelectric dams in the 1980s
-Oil Crisis in the late 1970s and 1980s led to a recession and
Disengagement of the State
-Government companies were privatized -
Why post-war periods improved economy
-While soldiers were at war they didn't spend money
-The women worked while their husbands were gone
-When the men returned they had saved money
-It was noticed that two salaries are better than one -
More recently
Canada entered into two trade agreements:
-The Free Trade agreement with the USA in 1988
-The NAFTA agreement with Mexico in 1993
-This proves the increasing effects of globalization.
