-
Oct 27, 1500
Barter system
The native peoples didn't trade to accumulate wealth but they traded for needs. If a native group didn't have a resource, they'd give something they had to others who needed it for something they need. -
Oct 28, 1500
Aboriginal Trade Network
Aboriginal groups relied on each other to supply resources they could not find in their own territory. The nomadic and sedentary groups used the barter system to trade goods.
The goods were transported (often great distances). If the distance is too great, trade was not possible. They navigated the network by way of snowshoeing, walking or canoeing. -
Oct 28, 1500
Significance of the Trade
Native peoples had no desire to accumulate wealth and make profit, rather, they preferred to share their goods and resources. Trade was considered essential to building and maintaining relationships between nations. Trade was a way to pay war tributes, formalize meetings between chiefs, help peace negotiations. -
Mercantilism
Mercantilism is based on a nations accumulation of gold and silver. Wealth was achieved by colonizing territories that had resources that the mother country could export. The resources were changed into products to sell to colonists for profit. Also, the production within the colony was restricted to increase demand for these products. -
King Louis XIV
King Louis XIV began his reign in 1661. In 1663, he dissolved the Company of One Hundred Associates and to gain control of economic activities and assert territorial claims in North America, he set up crown corporations, companies that were accountable to him, like the Dutch West India Company. -
Hudson's Bay Company
Two coureur de bois decided to go to an area to trade with a group of Aboriginals northwest of the Great Lakes. Both explorers returned with information about the territory and brought back high-quality furs, but were unable to convince the French authorities to finance a commercial expedition to Hudson Bay. They therefore decided to offer their services to the English crown, which funded a maritime expedition to the Hudson Bay in 1668, thus creating the Hudson’s Bay Company in 1670. -
Triangular Trade
According to the principles of mercantilism , the colony’s inhabitants had to import most of their products for consumption from the mother country and could not trade with other empires. Therefore , Canada traded its with the French colonies in the Antilles , while continuing to provide the mother country with raw materials in return for manufactured goods. This is called Triangular trade -
Shipbuilding and Ironworks
In 1738 a royal navy shipyard was established in Quebec City, used primarily to build warships. The naval industry led to the creation of other industries related to boats, such as tar, rope and barrels. The number of the colony’s inhabitants grew steadily and their needs also grew. Like with the shipyard, the creation of ironworks lead to related industries, such as wood stoves, cooking pots and ploughing equipment. -
The Timber Industry
In 1806, Napoleon sets up a blockade preventing Britain's access to timber which increased demand. New jobs opened up such as a lumberjack, mills, loggers. Transportation improved with the construction of canals, railroads, steamships. Seigneurs saw that they could gain revenue from the timber industry since it was very profitable by exploiting the forests located in their territory. The timber trade had an effect on the development of territory as it led to the colonization of new regions. -
National Policy
For the National Policy, there was an increase in customs and duties to protect Canadian industries by ensuring that Canadians bought Canadian goods to avoid American interests. They built railways to run coast to coast to making trade Immigration to Western Canada easier. -
Development of the Dairy Industry
Farmers started to produce butter, cheese and cream. More than 80% of cheese production was intended for export and butter was intended for the local market. To support the growth in the dairy industry, the government encouraged the establishment of the specialized schools in the areas like Saint-Denis. -
Railway
When John A. MacDonald came to power in 1878, he made it a priority to complete the Canadian Pacific Railway line. The Canadian government paid many subsidies to the companies in charge of developing the railway. In spite of obstacles that slowed down its construction such as labour shortage, uneven terrain, and disputes with First Nations Peoples, the CPR was completed in 1885 and became essential for the colonization of the territory in the West. -
Workers Demands
The first unions developed such as CTCC (1921) , CSN (1960) and FTQ. They demanded better working conditions and stopped working. In 1885, the Manufacturer's Act provided the protection and health and security of workers. Established a minimum working age
Work hours limited 72.5 hours per week for men and 60 for women. In 1921, in order to counter the influence of foreign unions, the Catholic Church decided to support the establishment of the Confederation of National Trade Unions. -
Urbanization
Working class neighbourhoods were created close to factories and living conditions were often hard there. Most working-class dwellings were made of wood and did not have running water, electricity or toilets. Also, these poor working conditions, which were endured by unskilled workers, would drive them to unite in order to demand improvements to their situation. -
1st Condition for Industrialization
Wheat! The Cultivation of wheat expanded rapidly as Canada recovers from the economic crisis. There is a cheaper means of transportation and there is a lot of open fertile land. Also, the population grew due to immigration. -
2nd Condition for Industrialization
Foreign Investment! Governments attracted foreign investors especially from Great Britain and the US. The supply of foreign capital led to the modernization of industrial infrastructures and the creation of jobs. -
Exploitation of Resources
A new source of energy was created called Hydroelectricity which led to the beginning of industrial sectors like pulp and paper and mining. High demand for newsprint led to growth of the pulp and paper industry. The mineral resources of the province attracted many foreign investors who established factories in Quebec. Zinc, copper, nickel, gold and cobalt were most commonly mined. Processing required enormous amounts of electricity so thats why factories were built near waterways. -
Second Phase of Industrialization
The second phase of industrialization Lasted from 1900 to 1929.
Canadian industries grew as a result of the protectionist tariff policy which started with the National Policy. The city developed due to new energy sources such as hydroelectricity and oil. The success of companies depended on their ability to compete which means they lower production costs so businesses tried to establish themselves near sources of energy. -
3rd Condition for Industrialization
First World War! World War l lasted from 1914 - 1918. Canada participated in the war by way of supplying allied troops with military equipment. This developed sectors in canada such as mining, iron and steel, clothing, and more. The agricultural sector also benefited from the war since the demand for wheat and pork, intended primarily for the soldiers, grew rapidly. -
Electricity
Urban transportation became more accessible since cost decreased
which meant people didn't need to live near their place of work.
Cities slowly took over the surrounding agricultural land. Wealthy people could now also buy lamps, vacuums, refrigerators and other products in the 20s to have a more comfortable quality of life. -
The great Depression
Europeans pumped money into the world economy and surpluses and accumulation of products began in warehouses. Prices go down and production stops. Workers get fired because they cant afford them. Value of companies went down and Investors became insecure and stopped entrusting their capital to banks so the banks went bankrupt. Between 1929 and 1933, Canadian exports fell by 50%. In 1933, when the Great Depression was at its worst, more than 25% of Canada's active population were out of work. -
Government Solutions to the Great Depression
In an attempt to help the population during the great depression, public works projects, work camps, encouraged Farming and direct aid were established to boost economy. When the second world war began, the economy shifted to war economy which ended the depression. -
The Impact of the Second World War
The National Resources Mobilization Act in 1940 regulated the supply of products necessary for war production and raised taxes. The federal government introduced Victory Loan Bonds. By contributing to this program, consumers could earn profits on their savings while lending money to the government, which it invested in the war effort. In Quebec, this rapid expansion was seen in textiles, food processing and iron and steel, as well as the extraction and processing of natural resources. -
Social Changes and Mass Consumption
After 1945, tertiary sector employees, who were increasing in numbers, unionized. As a result they could take advantage of several social benefits, such as one to two weeks of paid vacation per year, a 40 hour work week, overtime pay, a health insurance plan
and the option to contribute to a pension fund. Mass media encouraged the population to consume through advertising. This period of consumption stimulated business and led financial institutions to offer credit to consumers. -
Public Investment in the 1960s and 1970s
In the 60s, Quebec experienced major political, social, cultural and economic changes. This is known as the Quiet Revolution. Quebec became a welfare state meaning the government looks out for the citizens more. Therefore the government pumped funds into the economy and enhanced the purchasing power of consumers, while also creating jobs.
