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Sep 26, 1500
First Occupants
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Sep 26, 1500
Trade Network
The trading system that the Natives have is called the barter system. It's the system or value of an object and it's defined according to one's needs. The trade network goes between families, groups and other tribes. The means of transportation that they used
were canoes and snowshoes -
Period: Sep 26, 1500 to
Economy and Development
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Oct 12, 1500
European Fishing Grounds
Europeans would fish before the French Regime. The consequences when the aboriginals met the French fishers were sometimes peaceful and sometimes it was not. -
Oct 12, 1500
Organization and Occupation of the Territory
Means of transportation for the Natives was the canoe and snowshoes. The economic role of individuals was; men were hunters, women farmed and the elderly watched the children. -
French Regime
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Economy Based on Fur Trade
The population was inadequately dense therefore the Native alliances were required to do the hunting. Exploration and enlargement of the territory to search for more furs thus New France was constantly expanding. Trading posts were established; foundation of Quebec and Trois-Rivère. -
Alliances and Rivalries
Having alliances with the aboriginal people meant that the French were often involved in Native conflicts or the Natives were involved in the French battles for the Europeans to control the resources. -
Chartered Companies
100 Associates. The chartered company system was based on privileges and obligations. They were the only ones allowed to fur trade and they were suppose to administer and develop the colony. However, they didn't bring up the population because people would have taken their jobs and hunted fur for themselves. Therefore the population was small and mostly men. -
Organization and Occupation of the Territory
They had a huge territory with very few people. -
Economic Policies
Mercantilism is when the natural resources are taken from the colony and shipped to France. There, they were turned into finished products and sent back to New France to sell. In New France, the territory grew in size but was very small in population. French people didn't want to come to the colonies because they couldn't start businesses. However, in the 13 Colonies the territory stayed small but the population was huge. Because they didn't have mercantilism. People were able to have companies. -
Agricultural Activity
Agriculture was subsistence which means they planted just enough to provide for their family. Jean Talon attempted to diversify the economy with the triangular trade but failed. There was just too much demand for the fur trade and not enough people with different skills to diversify. -
British Regime
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Economy Based on Fur
The fur trade economy is now in the hands of the English. They create the North-West Company after the American Revolution and they merge with the Hudson's Bay Company in 1821. But in the beginning of the 19th century there's a decline in the fur trade. -
Economy Based on Timber
With the British having the largest navy the demand for timber was very high in order to build the ships. Their primary source was French but in 1806 Napoleon blocked off their supply. Therefore new jobs arose: lumberjack, loggers and sawmills. In 1817 the Bank of Montreal is created allowing people to invest and obtain credit. There is also development and improvement of transportation: canals, railroads and steamships. These were built in order to export products more easily. -
Opening of Regions for Colonization
Overpopulation of the seigneuries led to the opening of new regions. Therefore the timber industry caused development of the new regions. For example Mauricie, Outaouais and Laurentides. -
Economic Policies
Trade with Britain was going well until Britain ends it's preferential/protectionist treatment with Canada because they wanted to explore more markets. They establish Free Trade, this means there are no customs or duties. The English men have the advantage with this because they no longer have the extra taxes from Canada. -
Economic Policies Continued
After Britain ends their trade agreement with Canada, they must find a new trade alliance and they look to their neighbours. Canada later signs a Reciprocity Treaty with the United States in 1854 which lasts 10 years. This treaty meant customs and duties between the two countries temporarily ceased. Canada had the advantage because there are more Americans than Canadians therefore Canada had more customers to sell to. -
Contemporary Period
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Exploitation of Resources
Resources are exploited by sector and by period; agriculture, forest, mining, hydroelectricity etc. Natural resources are also exploited for example; ore, pulp and paper. The source of the capital is different in economic sectors. There is the British of Crown corporations, a company owned by the government. -
Industrial Development
-1st phase is responsible for producing finished products
-2nd phase deals with extracting natural resources
-World War l (1910-1920)
-War period (1939-1945) WW ll, right before was the Great Depression. But to get out of a depression you must spend money. Females are put in the factories while their husbands went to fight.
-Post-war period (1945-1970) Large amounts of European immigrants come and boost the economy
-Since 1970 there's hydroelectricity
-Source of capital was now from the USA -
Economic Cycles
The phases of economic growth were the 1st and 2nd phase of industrialization, World War l, Roaring twenties, World War ll, the post-war period, Quiet Revolution. The phases of recession are the economic crises: 1873-1879, 1929, the 30s, the oil crisis of 1973. Recession since the years of 1980 and 1990. -
Economic Policies
The Nationalist politics of MacDonald in 1878. The National Policy has 3 main points:
-Increase custom duties: Promoting Canadian industries to ensure that they bought Canadian goods. If an American wanted to import their products to Canada they had to pay a tax.
-Build railways: The Canadian Pacific Railway was built to run coast to coast to unify people and increase trade.
-Encourage immigration: Mostly in Western Canada. The bigger the population the bigger the market. -
Beginning of Industrialization
First Phase of Industrialization in Quebec:
It came to Quebec in the late 19th century. Skilled craftsmen were using costly and time consuming methods until the creation of factories and assembly lines. They were more efficient but dangerous and boring. These manufacturing industries were powered by coal and steam engines. The main resources were timber, wheat, dairy, fish and furs. -
Population Change
-National Policy favored immigration
-The population of Quebec & Canada rose 30-49% in 1871-1901
-Farms were over crowded
-People were moving to urban centers
-Better jobs in the USA, Ontario, Western Canada
-Pollution was everywhere, there was no piped water, very poor sanitation, diseases spread very easily, most of the working class were malnourished.
-1/3 of children didn’t live to their first birthday, there was a high mortality rate. -
Urban Expansion
Cities develop, theres a concentration of services and infrastructures. For example, transportation, hospitals, education and aqueducts and sewers. There were suburbs that developed. There is also rural exodus. -
Opening of New Regions
There was regional development that was linked to the development of different industries and the exploitation of resources. Regions such as, Abitibi, Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean, Mauricie, Côte-Nord et Gaspésie. -
Workers Demands
There is the development of unions. The first unions are CTCC that becomes CSN, FTQ, CSQ. Some political figures didn't like unions because it costed them more money. The nature of the demands would be better working conditions and living conditions. During strikes and lockouts the unions would hire scabs so when the workers weren't working the scabs would do the jobs. -
Great Depression
The cause of the Great Depression was the stock market crash in 1929. It happened because people were buying shares with borrowed money and companies went bankrupt. So the people that took loans were in debt and the stocks plummeted and the banks went bankrupt. On "Black Thursday" the stocks dropped below zero and people were ruined. Sectors of the economy were hit hard for example wheat farmers. There were massive lay offs and families bough as little as possible. -
Government Solutions
The government put solutions into place:
-Public work projects to boost the economy
-Work Camps only for men
-Direct Aid, food stamps were traded
-Encouraged Farming. If you farmed you made your own food (subsistence)
Finally the start of WWII in 1939 led to a huge economic boost and the depression ended. -
Quiet Revolution
The Quiet Revolution started in Quebec in 1960 with the electorial defeat of the Union Nationale by Jean Lesage and his Liberal Party. This revolution can be best described as a fast and far-reaching process of social, economic, and political reform in Quebec from the early to the late 1960s. Because of the set back by Duplessis. It can be called the beginning of the welfare state, where there is a massive increase in government intervention.
