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Canada at the Turn of the Century
Source: Laurier and the Art of Compromise -
The Boer War
In the early 1900's Prime Minister Laurier had to face issues within the country (French vs. English), and with other countries (Canada vs. USA). He had to solve these problems where both of the sides were satisfied with the outcome. The Boer War is an example, it was a war between the Boers and Britain. Canada was to send troops but the French Canadians did not want to be involved. The solution was to send volunteers to be British soldiers in South Africa. Neither side were happy with this. -
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World War One
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The Battle of Ypres
In the Battle of Ypres, the Germans attacked the British/Canadian forces who had no experience. This was the first time either side used poison gas. Although Canada did not have the proper protection from this, the result was 6000 German casualties and a success for Canada. -
The Battle of The Somme
The Battle of The Somme was one of the largest battles in WWI. It lasted over 5 months, and caused over 600,000 allied casualties. It was the first battle to use tanks, which were useless. The purpose was to ware down the Germans, then to direct the Germans away from The Battle of Verdun. -
The Battle of Vimy Ridge
The Battle of Vimy Ridge was Canada's first battle as their own, in which they obtained victory. Even though the Canadians had carefully planned their attack, over 10,000 Canadians were killed and wounded. The battle was fought over a graveyard of French casualties from previous, failed attacks. -
The Battle of Passchendaele
The Battle of Passchendaele was known as the "Battle of Mud" because the fighting was done in completely muddy surroundings. This was the first time the Germans had used mustard gas which would burn any revealed skin. 700 Canadians died and 1500 were wounded within a month of this battle. It was seen as a waste of time because after the useless battle the Germans won the territory back. -
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The Roaring Twenties
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Prohibition
All Canadian provinces, besides Quebec, were under prohibition by 1917. Canadian Prime Minister Robert Borden brought prohibition into the war effort saying the ingredients were needed for troops. Alcohol was only to be used for non-drinking, medicinal, and scientific purposes. One advantage of prohibition was that fewer crimes were committed, but new crimes were introduced due to it. (For example, bootlegging) By 1930, every province besides PEI(1948) was free of prohibition. -
Persons Case
A lawyer denied Emily Murphy's right to judge any case because as a woman she wasn't seen as a "person". She and four other women made a petition for women to be seen as "persons", and it was decided they were not. After three months, the judges of the Privy Council announced that the word "persons" referred both to men and women. Two years later, the first woman was named to a senate seat, Cairine Wilson. -
The Stock Market Crash/Black Tuesday
Black Tuesday marks the beginning of The Great Depression. In the 1920's it was common for people to buy stocks on credit to sell them later when the stock has gone up and collect profit. The problem with that is that is stocks went down, these people still had to pay back the loans. On this day, most stocks took a nosedive, and the investors were left bankrupt. -
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The Great Depression
Sources: The Stock Market Crash
Aspects of Change - Causes of the Great Depression
Relief Camps
Relief Camps
The Depression Years: Canada in the 1930's -
Unemployment Relief Camps
During the Great Depression, many men were left unemployed and homeless. Young, single, unemployed, fit men were given the chance to join unemployment labour camps that the governent set up. They were given a bed, clothes, medical care, and 3 meals and 20 cents a day in exchange for 44 hours of work a week. The men in the camps were not allowed to vote, and complained about how they were treated by the superintendents. The camps were closed in 1936, and were a home for 170,248 men, -
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World War 2
Sources: Japanese Internment
Test Review World War 2
The Dieppe Raid
Putting the Story Together - The Dieppe Raid
The Invasion of Normandy
Battles and Campaigns of World War 2
D-Day
The Holocaust -
The Holocaust
Hitler's "final solution" was the elimtination of all Jews in Europe. During WW2, Hitler moved all the Jewish people in Europe into ghettos to monitor them. This then escalated to concentration camps where thee Jews were to do forced labour until they died or were not able to work anymore. At that point they were sent to extermination camps where they killed millions by gassing them. Hitler killed 2 out of every 3 Jewish people in Europe. -
The Japanese Internment
Due to Pearl Harbour, Canada's government forced Japanese Canadians to relocate to camps. For years these families lived in small houses with one or more other families. These camps did not have heated houses, and the people were not given much food. Some were sent to Japan, even if they were born in Canada, and the men were to do slave labour work. In 1988 the Canadian government gave a formal apology and compensation to these citizens. -
The Dieppe Raid
5000 Candian troops were stationed in England to find out what was needed to make the Invasion of The Allied across the English Channel. Due to the Canadians being late, the German defense forces fired at the Canadians leading to a complete failure. Out of the 556 men in The Royal Regiment of Canada over 2000 were killed, and 264 were captured our wounded. Dieppe is referred to as a complete waste of time. -
D-Day at Normandy
The Canadians were to attack Juno Beach to start their liberation of Europe from Germany. For Canada, 14,000 soldiers, 450 paratroopers, and 10,000 sailors were involved with the attack. Within two hours of this attack, Canada had destroyed the German defenses. 340 soldiers were killed, 574 were wounded, and 47 were taken prisoner on the first day. Although there were a lot of casualties, D-Day was still seen as a success because it marked the beginning of the Allied victory. -
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Post-War Canada/Cold War
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Suez Crisis
Egypt took the Suez Canal from British and French control. Britain, France, and Isreal attacked Egypt. The Soviet Union said they were going to send missiles to defend Egypt, but the USA said they would get involved if they would aswell. Lester B. Pearson, a Canadian politician, won a Nobel Peace Prize for his solution. It was to convince the United Nations to set up a peacekeeping force. -
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The Sixties
Sources: Quebec's Quiet Revolution
Cold War Test Review
The Great Flag Debate -
Quiet Revolution
The Quiet Revolution was Quebec taking over things that the Canadian government took care of. Quebec felt they were unsatisfied with they way the federal government was running their province, and decided they wanted to make some decisions within the province. Quebec took over their schools, hospitals, labour laws, and political reforms. This led to dicrimination against French-Canadians from Enlish-Canadians, they were placed at the bottom of the economic latter. -
Great Flag Debate
Since confederation there had been debate about the design of the Canadian flag. Once Lester B. Pearson became Prime Minister he started deciding the new design. Many people had different suggestions of the new flag, but the whole country had to be satisfied with the final result. What we now know as the Canadian flag was effective as of February 15th, 1965. -
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The Seventies, Eighties, and Nineties
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The October Crisis
The FLQ (Front de Liberation) was a terrorist group who tried to liberate Quebec through violence. They used kidnapping and letter bombs to get their point across. After two kidnappings, the Cabinet invoked the War Measures Act which suspended basic civil rights and liberties. It gave the authorities the right to arrest anyone who may be involved with the FLQ. The FLQ turned out to be quite a small group, only 20 people were found guilty. -
The Summit Series
Canada's best professional hockey players against Russia's best for the first time ever. The Series represented capatalist Canada against communist Russia during the Cold War. The first four games in Canada left Russia ahead by 2 wins. Once in Russia, Canada lost the first, but won the last 3, winning the series. -
Terry Fox's Marathon of Hope
In 1977, Terry Fox, a Canadian boy who loved basketball, found out he had a milignant tumour in his right leg. The doctors offered to aputate his leg with 50-70% chance of success. He decided that if he couldn't play basketball anymore, he would find a new challenge. This was to run 8000km across Canada and raise $1 million for cancer. After 5373km of 8000km in Thunder Bay, he noticed a pain in his chest which was found to be the cancer that had spread to his lungs, he was forced to stop. -
Nunavut
Nunavut became a territory when it was seperated from Northwest Territories in 1999. The capital of Nunavut is Iqaluit. It is the largest territory, and least populated area in Canada. Nunavut means "our land" in Inuktitut.
