How Passenger Transport has Changed in the last 60 Years

By 10233274

  • Changes in Demand

    the rising standard of living and more affluence drove people to be able to afford more holidays abroad and along side this package holidays increased this grew also due to flights becoming cheaper.

  • commuting

    Prior to the 60s people tended to live closer to their places of work but with increases in car ownership and the expansion of the motorway network people are able to live further away from their place of work and commute in to wok each day.

  • Income

    Populations became more affluent and with this increased disposable income, and people were able to purchase cars and afford to take holidays abroad.

  • increase of car ownership

    Car ownership reached 11 million in 1970. People became more independent and flexible with their travel. They could make their own schedules and carry a larger amount of luggage.

  • Budget airlines

    Budget Airlines offer flights at lower prices Making it more affordable for the average person. How the airlines can offer such cheap flights is that every thing with the flight comes as an extra which you would need to pay for. The first Budget airline started in The USA with South West Airlines in Dallas Texas in 1973 and have been profitable ever since. they have a been a model to other low cost carries.

  • RYANAIR

    Ryanair is a Low-cost Irish airline making short haul flights around Europe. They offer cheap flights which accommodate lower incomes. This made flying accessible to more people.

  • motorway widening

    the motorway widening programme has been ongoing since the 1990s in response to increased traffic. the m25 was the first motorway to undergo widening and took place from 1993 to 2010
    from as recently as 2021 more widenings have been taken place on the M25 M6 and M1

  • air passagner duty

    Air Passenger Duty was introduced by the UK Government in 1994 as a way of raising money. The duty is payable by operators of aircrafts (over 5.7 tonnes) based on the number of paying passengers (on both domestic & international flights). Exceptions include emergency & public service flights, pleasure flights that are no longer than 1 hour that depart & arrive at the same airport, NATO flights and some Scottish flights. Children under 16 in economy are not charged for.

  • Privatisation of British rail.

    the privatisation of British rail took place in 1994 under prim minister john majors government. Privatisation of British rail refers the dismantling the state run rail network and selling selling off parts to private companies. the reason for the privatisation was to improve the efficiency of network rail and to reduce burden on task payers . many propel say that privatisation has led to increased ticket prices.

  • taxes

    Taxes have played significant role in travel and one of the most significant taxes affecting passenger transport is VAT which has a significant impact on the cost of travel for UK citizens. the VAT is added to most Passengers service including flights, trains and busses

  • The Channel Tunnel (continued)

    The Eurostar is a railway company that runs high speed passenger trains through the tunnel between London, Paris, Amsterdam and Brussels The Eurotunnel Le Shuttles is a rail service between Folkstone and Calais. It carries road vehicles and passengers through the tunnel. The Channel Tunnel has made travel between the UK and mainland Europe quicker. This also makes it more convenient for business-people. More people can travel and there is more choice - of car, train, ferry or aeroplane.

  • The Channel Tunnel

    The Channel Tunnel opened to passengers on 14 November 1994. The channel tunnel is a way for trains to cross from the UK and France and the rest of Europe. The tunnel runs underneath the English Channel it is 31.35 miles long, 75 meters below sea level and takes 35 minutes. The two train companies that use the tunnel are Eurostar and Euro Tunnel le Shuttle.

  • EasyJet

    EasyJet joined as a no frills airline in 1995. They where very successful as they they could learn from their rivals airlines and improve on what they where doing.

  • Protest camps(Newbury Bypass Protests)

    A protest camps are physical camps that are set up by activist for a base to protest or stop or delay construction intended.
    in 1996 a group of activists set up a camp around Newbury to stop construction of a by-pass. The protest was very powerful and delayed construction immensely
    it also cost huge huge extra £30million to build the road

  • Online check in

    Online check-in is a way of checking-in for your flight you do this from your mobile phone, by logging in to your account 24 hours before departures and getting your boarding pass . the first airline to introduce on line check in was Alaska airlines this was introduced in 1999 but not many people did it back then, many airlines have now adopted this technology. many airlines now don't even offer check in at the airport and require you do it on line before you fly.

  • Airport expansion (Heathrow Airport)

    Airport expansion is a very controversial topic because of climate change. yes It would help ease the pressure of the airport but it would mean destroying nature and houses and increasing pollution. in 2003 labour proposed an expiation to Heathrow airport when it was originally approved. in 2020 there was a court battle but in march 2021 the whole project was put on hold due to lack of funds

  • congestion charge

    congestion charge is a fee that is imposed on vehicles driving in certain areas of urban cities particularly during peak hour. London has implemented in London since 2003 Which has significantly reduced the levels of traffic in the city centre

  • Smart Motorway

    Smart Motorways is a section of a motorway that uses technology to reduce congestion on the road. They do this by reducing the speed limit and allowing people to use the hard shoulder. The first smart motorway opened up on the M42 in 2006. Approximately 10% of England's motorways are now smart motorways

  • Noise Pollution

    Noise Pollution is defined by the World Health Organisation sound higher than 65 decibels. Noise over 75 decibels become harmful and over 120 decibels it becomes painful. living near airports can be detrimental to health due to the noise of passing aircrafts. in 2011 The WHO estimated that between 1 and 1.6 million healthy live years are lost annually because of noise exposure.

  • Bibliography

    https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/761929/Historyoftransport.pdf https://www.britannica.com/topic/Channel-Tunnel
    https://www.rac.co.uk/drive/advice/driving-advice/smart-motorways/
    https://aviation.direct/en/online-check-in-wie-lange-gibt-es-den-schon
    https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/heathrow-expansion-timeline-third-runway-next-options-b1083104.html
    https://www.plutobooks.com/blog/the-battle-of-the-newbury-bypass/

  • Bibliography

    https://corporate.easyjet.com/about/our-journey
    https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012-09-27/why-britain-s-railway-privatization-failed
    https://www.budgetairlineguide.com/low-cost-airlines-history-how-it-all-got-started/
    https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/877039/commuting-in-england-1988-2015.pdf