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1469
Isabella & Ferdinand unify Spain
Their union, and their rule, triggered a war that forged the modern world -
Period: 1509 to 1547
Henry VIII resigns in England
He ruled until he died -
Period: 1558 to
Elizabeth I reigns England
She's regarded as one of the greatest monarchs of England -
Edict of Nantes
granted a large measure of religious liberty -
Don Quixote is published
considered by many to be the first modern novel and one of the greatest novels of all time -
Thirty Years War
Emperor Ferdinand forced Catholicism throughout the region, which made Protestants fear losing their rights to worship -
Petition of Right signed
English constitutional document setting out specific individual protections against the state, reportedly of equal value to Magna Carta and the Bill of Rights -
The Long Parliament
Members, in both houses, were almost unanimous in their condemnation of the non-parliamentary policies of the Personal Rule -
Period: to
Louis XIV reigns as king of France
He reigned king until his death. -
Peace of Westphalia is signed
Peace of Westphalia formally ended the Thirty Years' War in Europe -
Thomas Hobbes publishes “Leviathan”
book written by Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679) and published in 1651 -
Period: to
Charles II regions England
Charles II was crowned king during this time. -
Period: to
Peter the Great reigns as czar of Russia
He was the first emperor of all of Russia -
Period: to
Glorious Revolution
involved the overthrow of the Catholic King James II, who was replaced by his Protestant daughter Mary and her Dutch husband, William of Orange -
English Bill of Rights signed
What became known as the English Bill of Rights was an important influence on the later American Constitution -
John Locke publishes “Two Treaties of Government”
Two Treatises of Government, major statement of the political philosophy -
Daniel Dafoe publishes “Robinson Crusoe”
credited the work's fictional protagonist Robinson Crusoe as its author, leading many readers to believe he was a real person -
Sabastian Bach height of his career
Musician known for his orchestral music such as the Brandenburg Concertos -
Jonathan Swift publishes “Gulliver’s Travels”
Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World -
Period: to
Frederick II reigns Prussia
He ruled until he died in 1786 -
Period: to
Joseph II reigns Austria
Austria was also controlled by his mother at a time. -
"The Spirit of Laws
significantly influential work on Western political thought -
Denis Diderot publishes his “Encyclopedia”
twenty-eight volume reference book -
Seven Years War
global conflict involving most of the European great powers -
Voltaire publishes “Candid”
It was written between July and December 1758 and published simultaneously in Geneva, Paris and Amsterdam in January 1759 -
Period: to
George III reigns England
Ruling Britain was his first priority and he never visited his family's home in Hanover -
Jean Jacque Rousseau publishes “Social Contract”
aimed at the common good and reflected in the laws of an ideal state and for maintaining that existing society rests on a false social contract that perpetuates inequality and rule -
Period: to
Catherine Great reigns Russia
Catherine II was crowned in 1762, overpowering her husband. -
Boston Massacre
Confrontation of British soldiers shooting into a crowd -
Boston Tea Party
American protest on tax of tea in Britain -
Intolerable Acts
made to preserve the peace and good order of the said province -
Battle of Lexington & Concord
Marked the start of the American war for independence -
Declaration of Independence signed
independence of America -
Adam Smith publishes “Wealth of Nations”
Offers one the the first world's economic accounts of capitalism -
Battle of Yorktown
Decisive engagement of American Revolution -
Treaty of Paris
ended the American Revolution and formally recognized the United States as an independent nation. -
Declaration of the Rights of Man
Every human being has the right to life, liberty and the security of his person -
Tennis Court Oath
dramatic act of defiance by representatives of the nonprivileged classes of the French nation -
Storming of the Bastille
revolutionary insurgents attempted to storm and seize control of the medieval armory -
Women’s march on Versailles
This became one of the most significant events of the French Revolution, eventually forcing the royals to return to Paris. -
US Constitution ratified
the day the Frame of Government drafted by the convention's delegates to replace the Articles was adopted and signed -
Declaration of the Rights of Woman
Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women -
Mary Wollstonecraft publishes “A Vindication of the Rights of Woman”
make society better overall if women were allowed the same educational opportunities as men -
National Convention Formed
to replace the previous legislative bodies after the end of the monarchy -
Period: to
Radical Phase (French Revolution)
Individuals see the beginning of the radical phase as the attack on the Tuileries Palace and ending with the Thermidorian Reaction -
Committee of Public Safety created
committee of the National Convention which formed the provisional government and war cabinet during the Reign of Terror -
Period: to
Reign of Terror (French Revolution)
Killed anyone who didn't follow French constitution -
Five Man Directory created
was the governing five-member committee in the French First Republic -
Napoleon Bonaparte becomes Emperor
Napoleon's elevation to emperor was overwhelmingly approved by the French citizens in the French constitutional referendum -
Battle Austerlitz
one of the most important and decisive military engagements of the Napoleonic Wars -
Battle of Trafalgar
This took place where Napoleon Bonarte tried to take over Europe. -
Battle of Leipzig
The Coalition armies of Austria, Prussia, Sweden, and Russia, led by Tsar Alexander I and Karl von Schwarzenberg, decisively defeated the Grande Armée of French Emperor Napoleon I. -
Napoleon exiled to Elba
abdicates the throne, and, in the Treaty of Fontainebleau, is banished to the Mediterranean island of Elba -
Period: to
Congress of Vienna
reorganized Europe after the Napoleonic Wars -
Napoleon exiled to St. Helena
Having escaped his previous exile from Elba, off the coast of Italy, the French emperor was a flight risk to his fellow European rulers who wanted rid of him