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Opium Wars
The Opium Wars were conflicts in the 19th century, fundamentally altering China's trajectory. Initiated by Britain's desire for trade advantages, the wars exposed China's vulnerabilities and led to its forced concessions. Opium trade, banned by the Qing dynasty, became a tool for British economic dominance. The war ended with the Treaty of Nanjing, which opened five ports to British trade and ceded Hong Kong. -
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Taiping Rebellion
The Taiping Rebellion was a war lasting from 1850 to 1864. Led by Hong Xiuquan who was claiming to be the son of god, it emerged as a socio-religious uprising against the ruling Qing Dynasty. The rebels established the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, advocating for land reforms and equality. However, the rebellion led to 30 million casualties. Despite its eventual suppression, the Taiping Rebellion exposed the weaknesses of the imperial regime even further. It remains a dark chapter in Chinese history -
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2nd Opium War
The Second Opium War (1856-1860) further weakened China, resulting in more trade concessions and the legalization of opium. These wars marked China's decline and highlighted the detrimental impacts of imperialism. -
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Self Strengthening Movement
Initiated in response to Western encroachment and internal unrest, it aimed to modernize military, industry, and infrastructure while preserving traditional values. Efforts were made to adopt Western technology and organizational structures. The movement faced challenges due to resistance, limited resources, and the unequal treaties imposed by foreign powers. Despite its limitations, the movement laid the groundwork for future reforms and China's eventual transformation into a modern nation. -
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Japans Victories
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Hundred days reform
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Open Door Policy
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Boxer Rebellion
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Russo Japanese War
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Constitutional Monarchy Movement
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Xinhai Rebellion
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Manchu Restoration