-
Mouth
The food is chewed and broken down into smaller pieces and forms food into bolus. Secretes saliva from salivary glands to moistion food and digest carbohydtrates. Enzymes found in the mouth: Amalyse: Breaks down starch into smaller disaccharides and into complex carbohydrates. Pepsinogen: (mucus membrane) A zymogen secreted by the chief cells of the gastric glands and converted into pepsin through the process of autocatalysis in the presence of gastric acid or of pepsin itself. -
Period: to
digestion
-
Period: to
digestion
-
Stomach
Food is brought down the esophagous through the motion of peristalisis and is brought into the stomach and are held in by cardiac and pyloric sphincter. The contaction of the stomach mixes and breaks down the food with the help of gastric juices and special enzymes. Usually, the food will take around 6-8 hours to pass through the stomach and the small intestine. -
Stomach enzyme
Enzymes found: Pepsin: The active form of pepsinogen, hydrochloric acid converts pepsinogen into pepsin which breaks down proteins Hydrochloric Acid (HCl): Sterilises food by killing pathogens and other microbes. Has a pH of 2, which is perfect for proteases such as pepsin to break down proteins as effectively as possible. It also helps emulsify food (digestion of protein and stimulates the pancreas to produce digestive enzymes and bile) and protects against harmful bacteria. -
stomach enzymes
Peptidase: Any enzyme that catalyzes the splitting of proteins into smaller peptide fractions and amino acids by a process known as proteolysis. A type of enzyme that is capable of breaking down polypeptide chains into single amino acids which can then be used by the body. -
Pancreas enzymes
Trypsinogen: Converted into trypsin by enterokinase, which then starts the process needed to break down proteins into amino acids. Trypsin: Converted from trypsinogen by enterokinase, it catalyzes the hydrolysis of peptide bonds. Breaking them down into smaller peptides in addition to breaking down smaller or break down into categorized protiens. Enterokinase: Converts trypsinogen into trypsin, Erepsin: Contains a group of enzymes that digest peptones into amino acids. -
Gallbladder enzymes
Bile salts: Secreted with bile from the gallbladder into thesmall intestine. Bile salts help in the absorption of fatty acids, monoglycerides, cholesterol and other lipids from the intestinal tract. It also aids in digestion of small intestine. -
Kindey enzyme
Renin: breaks down proteins and causes an increase in blood pressure, leading to restoration of pressure in the kidneys. -
Pancreas
As bolus moves from stomach to the small intestine, it is mixed with pancreatic fluids containing many enzymes which regulate blood glucose levels.
Enzymes found in the pancreas:
Lipase: Catalyzes and digests the fats (lipids).
Sodium Bicarbonate: A base that reduces and neutralizes the acidity components of the stomach.
Amylase: digests the remaining complex carbohydrates into sugars. Complex sugars are then further broken down into their individual component sugars in the small intestine. -
Small intestine
The small intestine contains villi, small hairlike structures which absorb amino acids, glucose and vitamins into the body. The food is further broken down by several enzymes. Enzymes in small intestine: Maltase: Shaped in a way to break the bon and free the two glucose pieces. Moltose --) to glucose. Also digests carbohydrates. Sucrase: Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of sucrose to fructose and glucose. Lactase: Breaks down lactose products such as milk and cheese. -
Bodily Tissues
Phosphatase: An enzyme that removes a phosphate. It also catalyze hydrolic phosphoric acids and is important in absorption of carbohydrates and nucleotides.
