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Industrial Revolution
In the 18 century changes in the the economy and society sectors took place.
A boom in development of modern industry was formed by the growth in population, forms of production, banking , trade and transport.
First Industrial Revolution: Began in 1760 in Great Britain (soon spread to other countries)
Second Industrial Revolution:It was a second phase with different characteristics which began around 1870. -
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American Revolution
The UK had 13 colonies on the east of North America.there were political tensions.
1773, the Brittish parliament passed the tea act ( this affected American traders).1774, all the colonies meet to write a list of grievantes.
1775, armed confrontations began. 1776, Thomas Jefferson wrote the Virginia Declarations of right, on 4 of July the 13 colonies signed the US declaration of independence.
Britain recognised the USA independent in the treaty of Versailles(1783). -
USA Constitution
The USA Constitution in 1787 was the first Constitution in history, it established national sovereignity and the separation of powers:
Legislative power was held by the House of Representatives and the Senate.
Executive power was held by a president, in 1789 George Washington became the first one.
Judicial power was held by independent judges. -
Assembly of Notables in France
in 1787 the king convened an Assembly of Notables to convince the priviliged group to pay taxes. They refused and demanded that the Estates-General was the only assembly that could authorise new taxes. -
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The causes of the French Revolution
The 3 most important causes of the french revolution were:
Social unrest because the bourgeoise wanted to gain political power and the peasantry had to pay numerous taxes to the Crown, Church and the nobility.
Economic crisis because bad harvest caused rising prizes that led to widespread hunger and because privileged groups did not pay taxes.
The Enlightenment because Louis XVI lost the support of people. -
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The National, Constituent and Legislative Assemby in France
National Assembly:The king called the estates General in May 1789.Tradition held that each estate deliberated separately and then issued a single vote.
In response,The third estate proclamed itself the National Assembly.
Constituent Assembly:Revolutionary groups in Paris stormed the Bastille prison on 14 of July in 1789. Until 1791 the Contituent Assembly introduced a series of reform and achievements.
Legislative Assembly:It was created in 1791, in 1792 the assembly declared the war to Austria. -
France first Constitution
During the Constituent Assembly in September 1791, France first constitution was enacted. This established:
National sovereignty and the fundamental rights of citizens.
A parliamentary monarchy.
Separation of power (legislative, executive and judicial)
Census suffrage to elect the members of the Assembly. -
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The Convention in France
A National Convention governed France from September !792. The more important groups were:
The Girondin National Convention (1792-1793): With them the republic was proclaimed, Louis XVI was executed in 1793, there was a royalist and ultra-Catholic uprising in France.
The Jacobin National Convention: A democratic Constitution was signed in 1793(ruled by the dictator of the Montagnards), there were an economical crisis and a new calendary was adopted. -
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Napoleon Consulate and Empire
The consulate was Napoleon personal regime, in 1802 he become Consul for Life.
The Napoleonic Empire: In 1804 he named himself emperor, he had an expansionist policy.
Napoleon conquered many parts of the european continent in just a few years.
The Continental Blockade was Napoleon attempt to stop British trade in europe. He tried to invade every country that trade with Britain(Portugal,Russia), but Russia defeated Napoleon in 1812.
Napoleon abdicated in 1814 and died in 1821. -
Revolutions of 1820
In Spain:A military uprising in 1820 forced Fernando VII to aceppt the constitution of 1812. In 1823 the Holy Alliance invaded Spain and restored absolutism.
In Greece: The Greeks revolted succesfully against the Ottoman Empire in 1821 and became independent in 1829.
The Revolution spread to italia and to Spanish America between 1820 and 1821. -
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New revolutionary waves
Revolutions of 1820 and 1830:This revolutions were influenced by 2 factors:
National movements in response to Napoleonic invasion.
Liberalism: their ideas were that the power of the monarch needed to be restricted by a constitution that guaranteed liberties for people.
Revolutions of 1848:It was the biggest wave of revolutions of the century.The protest mixed liberal and nationalist idelas with social demands for workers rights. There was also a democratic element ,as male suffrage was demanded -
Revolutions of 1830
In France: The absolutist monarch CharlesX was replaced by Louis Philippe of Orleans (was more liberal).
In Belgium: An uprising in the Netherlands created the new state of Belgium in 1831.
In Poland: other uprising against Russian Empire(they were represed) in 1831.
Other revolts that affected different Italian States(
also failed). -
Revolutions of 1848
Began in France in 1848, were the king was deposed because of corrupt and the second French Republic was created. Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte became president and the government become more authoritarian. In 1852 they led to a coup and declared the Second French Empire.
The Revolution spread around Europe because of that liberalism was able to advance. -
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The Unification Of Italy
In the 19 century the Italin Peninsula was divided into several states.
The ones that led to the unification progress were from the Kingdom of Piedmont (King Vittorio Emanuele II, Cavour and the leader Garibaldi).
Stages of the Unification:
1859:The French and Piedmontese army defeated the Austrians and conquered Lombardy.
1860: Naples and Sicily were conquered
1861:King Vittorio Emanuele II become king of Italy
1870:They occupied Rome and became the capital of Italy. -
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Germany Unification
Stages of the Unification:
1864:Prussia invaded 2 Deenmark states mostly german populated,.
1866: Prussia formed the North German Confederation.
1870: Bismarck(the Chancellor of Prussia) started a war against France, Napoleon III was defeated
1871: Germany join the South German states.