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Claude Bernard
Bernard discovered that the liver stored glycogen and secreted a sugary substance into the blood. He assumed it was this substance that caused diabetes. At that time it was thought that the nervous system controlled secretary organs. This led him to a second discovery, that pricking the brain stem in a conscious animal caused temporary diabetes. -
Pancreas Caused Diabetes
Von Mering (a German physician) found that removing the pancreas caused diabetes. He worked on extracting an antidiabetic substance from the pancreas but never did. -
Urine Sample
Diagnosed diabetes through urine sample. -
Treating Diabetes
In 1900 diabetes was treated by putting on dietary restrictions and given adaily alkaline sponge bath with friction. Opium was also used as a treatment. -
Insulin Discovered
Fredrick Banting learned about the association between the pancreas and diabetes and became set on finding the antidiabetic substance. With the help of Macloud, Charles Best, and Collip, he used dogs to show that a substance exists. -
Frist Insulin Use
A 14-year old boy was the first to get Insulin.Although it failed, Collip (picture) develped purified Insulin injections. -
Insulin Commercial Production
Eli Lilly successfully manufactured Insulin and began producing it commercially in western countries. Insulin at this time had to be injected twice daily and they were impure which led to pain and abscesses. -
Insulin Crystallized
Insulin was crystallized in 1926 by J.J. Abel. Its composition, two chains of 51 amino acids linked by disulphide bridges, was discovered by Fredrick Sanger of Cambridge. For his work, he received the Nobel Prize in 1955. -
Protamine Zinc Insulin
Protamine zinc insulin was introduced due to a need for longer acting insulin. -
Insulin Structure
The three dimensional structure of the insulin molecule was discovered by Dorothy Hodgin. She won the Nobel Prize for her work with insulin and vitamin B12. -
Diagnosing Diabetes
Doctors in 1950 would check eyes, renal arteries, and glucose in urine to diagnose diabetes. -
Treatment of Diabetes
Diet restrictions were used to treat diabetes along with insuin injections and testing urine often. -
Lente Insulins
The lente insulins were introcdcued due to the need for longer acting insulin. Monocomponent and highly purified insulins were made. Insulin also began to be genetically engineered from pigs in Denmark. -
Yalow and Benson
The scientific investigation of diabetes was improved by the technique of immunoassay by Solomon Berson and Rosalind Yalow. Minute concentrations of insulin can be consistently measured, a huge improvement on the previous methods of bioassay. -
Diagnosing Diabetes
Doctors in 1998 would test one's blood and urine to diagnose diabetes. -
Teatment of Diabetes
People with diabetes are treated using IVs for Insulin and fluids, monitoring glucose, potassium, and electrolytes. Also, they are given daily insulin injections, monitor urine, and a restrictive diet.
