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- Diabetes first recognized as a medical condition,diagnosed by detecting sugar in the urine
- Treatment was limited to dietary changes
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- Diagnosed by a urine test
- Treatment- Alkaline sponge bath,no foods with sugar,suppress thirst and drink very little
- Prognosis- Go into a coma and die
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- Sir Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer discovered that diabetes is caused by a lack of insulin
- Animal-derived insulin extracts developed as the first treatment
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Banting made the discovery of insulin by extracting substances through trials with dogs. He gave diabetic dogs islets material of Langerhans and their blood sugar levels decreased. -
- Insulin first used to treat diabetes on humans which revolutionized diabetes management -Leonard Thompson, a 14-year-old boy with Type - 1, was the first person to receive an injection of insulin.
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Insulin started being commercially produced and was used in most western countries for diabetes treatment -
The American Diabetes Assoction is founded to help the increasing diabetes rate and complications from the disease -
Rechmiel Levine discovers that insulin works like a key,by transporting glucose into cells The Becton Dickinson & Company began the production of a standard insulin syringe,it was designed and approved by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) -
- Diagnosed - full physical exam ( check eyes,pulse/ arteries, with a urine test)
- Treatment- a special diet,avoid alcohol, use insulin to stabilize blood sugar
- Prognosis- diabetes is under control
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- Solomon Berson MD and Rosalyn Yalow PhD developed a method to measure insulin levels using radioimmunoassay technology
- Their research reveled that some people with diabetes still produce insulin
- Observations allowed them to identify the two main types of diabetes : insulin-dependent (type 1 ) and non-insulin-dependent (type 2)
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- The first insulin pumps were invented
- Researches in Boston developed a test to measure glycosylated hemoglobin (A1C)
- This A1C test became the standard for long term management of diabetes
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- Researches were able to genetically engineer E.coli bacteria to produce a human-identical insulin
- Portable insulin pumps were introduced,allowing for normal blood glucose levels in patients
- The large size of the pumps made them impractical for widespread use at the time
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The FDA approved human insulin that's produced by genetically altered bacteria -
- Diagnosis- Blood glucose test + urinalysis, physical test ( breathing and eyesight)
- Treatment- ophthalmologist for eyes, daily insulin injections, monitor glucose levels
- Prognosis- diabetes is under control