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Birth
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Piaget's Sensorimotor Stage of Cognitive Development
This occurs between birth and the age of 2-years-old. During this stage, the infant explores the environment through direct sensory and motor contract. Separation anxiety and object permanence are formed during this stage. -
Oral Stage (Freud's Psychosexual Stages of Development)
At this stage, the child is focused on the oral pleasures, such as sucking. This pleasure is obtained from the mouth, sucking their mother's breast. If one weans the child from nursing, they experience frustration and conflict as it is their first time not getting what they want. -
Trust v. Mistrust 6-18 months (Erikson's Psychosocial Stages)
Children learn to develop trust with their caregivers as they are provided with love and necessities. They are constantly around these people that show them affection because they are dependent. Lack of this will result in mistrust and will make them believe that the world is inconsistent. -
Autonomy v. Shame/Doubt
Children start to develop independence and personal control. They start to do things on their own and they need support from their parents, who should encourage them of independence. If successful, they will be more confident. If children are criticized for what they do, they will feel inadequate and doubtful about doing things by themselves. -
Childhood
Childhood begins approximately at the age of 2 until approximately 12-years-old. -
Anal Stage (Freud's Psychosexual Stages of Development)
Pleasure seeking then becomes centered on functions of elimination and the anus becomes the source for this pleasure. The child establishes self control through toilet training. -
Infancy
Rooting Reflex: When the cheek of the baby is brushed, he/she turns its head towards that direction and open its mouth for sucking. This fades after 4 months. Grasping Reflex: When the palms of the infant are touched, they will grasph tightly. This begins to fade after 3 months and disappears after 1 year. Babinski Reflex: When someone runs a source up the the center bottom of an infant's foot, they will press their foot against it and flare their toes. This disappears by age 2. -
Piaget's Preoperational Stage of Cognitive Development
This occurs between the ages of 2-years-old and 6-years-old. During this stage, the child is egocentric and have the ability to pretend. They use symbols such as words and images to represent the objects around them, but at this point they cannot reason logically. -
Major Milestone: Preschool
Preschool is one of the first major milestones in life because it is when a child gets involved with other kids and is put in a learning environment. This is the 'booster' for their future education and this is the time when they will learn how to socialize with kids, share toys, learn to read and write, and it is also a time when they are away from their parents for a couple of hours. This is their first shot at being independent and on their own, without their parents watching their every move -
Initiative v. Guilt 4-6 yrs (Erikson's Psychosocial Stages)
This is the time when children begin to ask questions and take the initiative. They begin to make up games and activities, asserting their own power. If parents treat their child's questions or activities as an embarassment or nuisance the child will feel a sense of guilt, but if successful a child feels capable of leading others. -
Phallic Stage (Freud's Psychosexual Stages of Development)
Pleasure seeking is now focused on the genitals. They begin to acknowledge the difference between themselves and people of the opposite sex. The boy wants the attention of his mother, shutting out his father. The girl would want her father and shut out her mother. This is when children begin to rival for affections of parents of the opposite sex, but this happens unconsciously. -
Industry v. Inferiority 7-11 yrs (Erikson's Psychosocial Stages)
Children are beginning to develop accomplishments and pride in their abilities through social interaction such as in school. If they are encouraged and commended, they will feel industrious and confident about achieving their goals. If they are not encouraged or are restricted, they will doubt their abilities and feel inferior. -
Social Conformity Orientation 6-11 yrs (Kohlberg's Moral Development Stages)
This stage is reached when one becomes an adolescent. Adolescents at this stage acknowledge the things good and bad things people do and there is much emphasis on living up to the social expectations in life. They realize that this impacts relationships, therefore adolescents will try to follow these norms just so they will be accepted by society and viewed in that light. -
Latency Stage (Freud's Psychosexual Stages of Development)
Sexuals thoughts are repressed during this time period as the child focuses on developing social and intellection skills needed for life. They begin to explore the world and acquire more skills. Children play mostly with kids of the same sex as them. -
Piaget's Concrete Operational Stage of Cognitive Development
This occurs between the ages of 7-years-old and 12-years-old. At this stage, a child can begin to think logically when dealing with concrete objects. They are able to add and subtract, as well as understanding conservation (knowing that a quantity does not change even if its appearance changes). -
Genital Stage (Freud's Psychosexual Stages of Development)
This occurs when one reaches adolescence and is present from there on. During this time, one derives satisfaction from giving pleasures as from receiving it. Their sexual urges are awakened and they have direct sexual urges on the opposite sex. -
Identity v. Role Confusion 12-18 yrs (Erikson's Psychosocial Stages)
This is the stage that adolescents learn about the roles they will occupy as adults. They are exploring their identity and developing who they are as a person. If adolescents are reinforced, they will get a strong sense of who they are. If they are unsure of who they are, they will feel insecure and become confused about who they will be in the future. -
Law and Order Orientation 12-20 yrs (Kohlberg's Moral Development Stages)
When an individual reaches adulthood, they take society into consideration without any judgments. They are aware of the rules and follow it in order to maintain law and order by respecting authority figures and doing one's duty. -
Piaget's Formal Operational Stage of Cognitive Development
This occurs between the ages of 12-years-old till adulthood. During this stage, the adolescent is able to reason abstractly and is able to think in hypothetical terms. -
Adolescence (12 yrs - adult)
This is a time when their childlike behaviors change into adultlike behavior. Adolescents being to experience puberty and growth spurts as they mature, and this affects their social life greatly. They possess adolescent egocentrism, which includes personal fable, invulnerability, imaginary audience, indeciseveness and argumentativeness. They begin to find fault w/ authority figures and socialize more w/ peers as they try to fit in, experiment with their identity, and deal with their self esteem. -
Obedience/Punishment Orientation 6-18 months (Kohlberg's Moral Development Stages)
All young children start at this age, and they see rules as something that is fixed and absolute because by obeying such rules, they are avoiding punishment. -
Self-Interest Orientation 2-6 yrs (Kohlberg's Moral Development Stages)
During this stage, children begin to see that other people have their own goals and preferences, therefore negotiations can be made. Children seek out the reward that comes from doing something and a question that often arises is "What's in it for me?" Their mindset is that if they do something, they will be rewarded for it. -
Early Adulthood (20s-30s)
Individuals reach their physical and intellectual development peak during this period in which they are strong and perform w/ maximum efficiency. People in this stage are now just getting out of college and establishing their life. According to Levinson's theory, for males, this is a time period when they become a novice in the adult world. They begin to explore the world and establish a life structure. Also, many people get married during this time as they open up their life to another person. -
Intimacy v. Isolation 20-40 yrs (Erikson's Psychosocial Stages)
During this stage, people are exploring personal relationships with others. Those who are successful in committed relationships or develop close relationships with others will lead to strong and comfortable relationships. When one avoids intimacy or close relationships with others, it can result in loneliness, isolation and sometimes depression. -
Social Contract Orientation 20-60 yrs (Kohlberg's Moral Development Stages)
At this stage, an individual understands the many opinions held by people on what is right and wrong. They know that the law is just based on popular views and compromise. Some disobey the rules if it contradicts their personal values. Others will also argue in favor for what they believe in, if those laws are no longer working. -
Major Milestone: Graduating College
Graduating college is a major milestone because it is the first time for an individual to be completely independent (in most cases). For a lot of people, this is the end of their school career and it is now time to go and find a sustaining job. This is the point when they are living their lives out in the real world and experiencing things firsthand. They will be faced with bills and other finances and an individual has to find a way to live their life to fit their needs. -
Major Milestone: Marriage
Marriage is an important to development because it is a time when you are fully giving yourself to someone. It's not just about yourself anymore, but you have to take your spouse into consideration for everything you do. You hold responsible for taking care of that person, loving them, and making them happy. This is important to development because one learns to compromise with that other person, and to be completely vulnerable, which is something many people can't be. -
Middle Adulthood (30s-50s)
During this time, appearance of an individual begins to change such as the graying of hair and wrinkles. While things are slowing down physically, individuals continue to acquire info and expand vocab at this point. For men, this time of their lives is when they settle down, develop a pre-dominating new lifestyle, or become satisfied/happy with their lives. For women, this is when they experience menopause (45-50 yrs) which can make them feel depressed or more confident. -
Adult Male Crises (30s)
Levinson's Theory of Male Development reveals that this is a major transitional period. It occurs in males usually in their 30s, when they begin to reexamine their life. They begin to question their life choices such as their marriage partner, career, and life goals. They feel unsatisfied with their life, causing them to make major changes rapidly, as they feel that there is not much time left before they are stuck with their current lifestyle. -
Major Milestone: Midlife Crisis
The midlife crisis is an important milestone because it is that time when a person is reflecting on their life, realizing this is not how they want to spend their future. This is important because all the things they have worked for, are basically not enough and they want to change things quickly before it's too late. Their mindset begins to change and they start to question the decisions they have made, resulting in an individual to change their lifestyle abruptly so they can regain happiness. -
Major Milestone: Having Children
Having children is definitely an important milestone because more responsibility is required for than individual. It becomes that person's duty to raise a child, teaching them valuable lessons and skills needed for life. It also takes a lot of maturity and responsibility to raise a child. Children will be part of life and it is that person's job to care for that child until they are capable of living out on their own. It requires an individual to grow up quickly. -
Generativity v. Stagnation 40-60 yrs (Erikson's Psychosocial Stages)
People are establishing careers at this point as well as settling down with families and feeling part of the big picture. One gives back to society through their children, jobs, and becoming involved with the community, which leads to feelings of accomplishment. If one fails to achieve these things, they will feel unproductive and uninvolved with society. -
Late Adulthood (50s-70s)
During this time, physical deterioration becomes inevitable. The body gradually becomes weaker, a person shrinks, or begins to lose hearing. Those who exercise their mental abilities delay mental decline, but brain mass is slowly lost as one enters old age. People in this period are independent and may live a satisfying lifestyle. Most will enter retirement and face the challenges of the sudden change (loss of identity or social network). -
Empty Nest Syndrome (40s-50s)
This is an event in a woman's life when the last child departs from home to go to college or to live on their own. This can occur in woman between their 30s and 50s when their children become of age and start to move out. Women may feel depressed, but it is not always a traumatic experience. Many find this as a time of happiness, because they are freely able to do what they want without having to worry about caring for their child. They begin to start activities and develop new interests. -
Integrity v. Despair 60-90 yrs (Erikson's Psychosocial Stages)
As people come to their later years in life, they often look back onto what they have done and the accomplishments they have fulfilled. If they feel as if they were successful, they will gain a sense of integrity for leading a great life. If they see their life as something unproductive, they will feel guilty and dissatisfied with life, which turns into despair. -
Universal Ethics Orientation 60-90 yrs (Kohlberg's Moral Development Stages)
Not many people operate at this stage all the time, because it requires abstract reasoning and looking at something through another person's perspective. People at this stage possess a principled conscience and will follow universal ethical principles despite what the laws are. -
Old Age (70s-90s)
Old age begins with an individual's independence declines. This is often a time period of loss as they start to lose the people around them such as family, friends, and even home. There is a gradual loss of control due to illnesses, disabilities or financial dependence. Alzheimer's can occur around the age of 80, in which their memory is the first function they lose, then reasoning and language. -
Major Milestone: Retirement
Another major milestone important to development is retirement. At that point in life, one can retire from whatever it is that they are doing and basically do whatever they want in life. Some people feel at loss due to the change of routine, which can impact them negatively, but then there are others who embark on new journeys and take on opportunities because they don't have to worry about much anymore. This is important because of the drastic change in a person's routine of life. -
Death (Elizabeth Kubler Ross' Stages of Death and Dying)
The first stage is denial, in which an individual refuses to believe they are dying or someone is dying. The next stage is anger. An individual can get angry towards family members, fate, doctors, or a higher power. Then comes bargaining, when an individual attempts to strike a deal with a higher power and change their attitude. Depression follows, and a person is aware of the losses being incurred. Finally, an individual reaches acceptance, the stage when they experience a sense of calm.
