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1492
Columbus' arrival in America
Marking the start of colonization and, thus, globalization. -
Period: 1500 to
European Colonialism
Creating more linkages between parts of the world, formed the base of many power relations and started the globalization (by sharing cultural practices and economic/political structures). -
Period: 1500 to
Rise of the 'New world' (Latin-America)
In which period trading activities between Portugal and the Spanish took place -
1521
Spanish colonization of the Philippines
Influencing the country's religion, language and other cultural practices. -
Settlement of Britians and Dutchmen in Eastern Asia and Northern America
Trading for cotton, spices and tobacco, starting the slavery practices. -
Period: to
Colonies grew in importance
Since they became the source of raw materials and markets, having huge importance for the industrial revolution -
Period: to
Protectionism arose
Due to trade being the major force for economic growth, national governments needed protection. Opposed by Adam Smith, who pleaded for divisions of labour. -
Independence for most Latin-American countries
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Period: to
The great trek
Britians and Dutchmen annexing the Cape and other Northern African countries -
Period: to
Industrial revolution
Before: Resources were seen as inputs to a human-devised system.
During: The impacts of over-crowding, poverty and health consequences became clear. -
Start naturalist theories
And environmental determinism thinking. This was criticized late 20th century since the ideas were used to justify racial domination and dit not consider individuals. -
European powers divided the African continent
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End of slavery
Leading to some protection for indigenous peoples. -
Period: to
Rise of sociological thinking
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Period: to
Philippine deforestation
Due to logging companies exporting to Mexico. -
Period: to
Leninism
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Wall street crash & start of the Great Depression
Challenging the classical economists and rising the popularity of Keynesianism. -
Period: to
Stalinism
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Period: to
French settlement in Morocco
Leading to migration, exploitation of natural resources and exponential growth due to commercial colonialism. -
Period: to
The Great Depression
Exploiting of land and labour -
The post-war reconstructions
Introduced in the Marshall plan and the speech of Harry Truman -
The Bretton Woods conference
The setup of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), The World Bank and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). -
Start of the decolonization
Due to the economic problems of Western Europe, the plea of the USA and Soviet-Union for the opportunity to spread their influences and the rise of multinational corporations. -
The battle of Manila
In which the Philippines were freed by the Americans. -
Rise of migration after world war II
Partly due to the facilitation of transport and communication technology. -
Period: to
The Cold war
In which the countries that weren't involved, were called Third World Countries because they preferred a third way. -
Philippine independence
& becoming a democracy -
Period: to
Maoism
Communist regime of Mao Tse-Tung. This attempt at rapid economic growth led to a big famine in '61, after which the economy was re-opened to foreign investment. -
Setup structuralist theory
In Latin-America & Africa -
Women speaking up for their rights
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Communist & Socialist governments taming nature
Was a key development strategy in centrally-planned economies. -
Proto-facists promoted biochemical control
In order to improve agricultural yields. This was done by making breeding and farming separate activities. Also, seed regulations were set up. -
Period: to
Rise of socialist approaches
State-led planning and economy, controlled trade and investment and ownership of industries. Was increasingly mixed with capitalism. -
Period: to
The Green Revolution
Significantly improving yields in lower-income countries, despite the negative effects on nature social structures. -
The Linear Stages model of Rostow
As part of the modernization theory -
Setup dependencia theory
In Latin-America & Africa, which experienced remaining power relations after decolonization -
Setup of grassroots or bottom-up approaches
Since top-down approaches in reducing poverty did not seem to be effective. -
Legislative changes for women
To eradicate obstacles -
Equal pay for women
& other income-generating opportunities -
Start of a revisionist framework that wanted to change the stigma of the sacred middle-eastern cities
The colonial city, the dual city and the divided city were all terms that needed to be changed. -
Period: to
Practices of the Neo-liberal theory
Proposed by Ronald Reagan & Margaret Thatcher. Arose due to the inefficiency of state-involvement and growth rates which seemed to be slowing down. -
Period: to
Amorphous urbanism in Jakarta
Indonesia became more and more urbanized. However, most jobs remained in Jakarta, leading to huge traffic congestions and the construction of superblocks and the increase in slums. -
Setup of World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED)
Which was aimed at considering possible solutions in environmental issues. -
Setup grassroots approaches & sustainable development
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Women as channels of development
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Period: to
Neo-keynesian approaches
Resulted from the debt crisis in the 80s, leading to protectionist measures again. -
Period: to
Popularity of the decentralized approach
Part of the neoliberal agenda. Supposedly efficient for economic, as well as political reasons. Proved to be leading to regional inequalities. -
Period: to
Popularity of NGOs
Grew rapid in the last decennia, due to the availability of funding, but also the lack of alternative support mechanisms. -
A move away from state-socialism
Since the most rapid growth-rates were found in the outward-oriented countries -
Collapse of the Soviet bloc
Leaving African socialist countries unable to increase productivity. -
Post-development ideas
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Female empowerment
& including men in gender and development projects -
More attention to sustainability matters
Leading to the recovery of important landscapes and the setup of grassroots initiatives. -
Banning of Philippine logging
& protection of Sierra Madre mountain range -
Introduction of gender-related development measures
Such as GDI and GEM -
The Asian crisis
Devaluation of the Thai currency, proving the Asian miracle wrong (= the conception that neoliberalizing a country would lead to economic and social welfare. -
Setup of Millenium Development Goals
Were widely accepted, but did not mention the means to achieve the goals. -
Rise of the Latin-American left
As a response to existing neoliberalist theories -
Belt & Road initiative
Introduced by Xi Jinping as a way for China to stay in contact with European trade and is meant to accelerate economic integration of countries along the road. -
Setup Sustainable Development Goals
Many goals have a timespan of 5-15 years