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Agricultural Revolution
Agricultural revolution was long underway and Britain the one's common land that farmers shared become consolidated over time into larger farms that could be fenced off into enclosures all new crops (It´s History, 2015) -
The Siege Rule
The siege rule that a machine that revolutionized the business of farming and put the small farmer out of business.(It´s History, 2015) -
Belgium Industrialization
After Britain Industrialization, Belgium was the second. to industrialized and a new common engine came into the country. (It´s History, 2015) -
Adam Smith
Adam Smith was baptized in a small town east of Kirkcaldy, Scotland
Kirkcaldy, a small city which was becoming an important trade ship at the time. (It´s History, 2015) -
Flying Shuttle
John Kay’s flying Shuttle produced the same work in half the time(It´s History, 2015) -
Smith´s studies
Smith finished his studies from the university of Glasgow and received a scholarship at Oxford University. (It´s History, 2015) -
The Selected Society
Smith became co-founder of “The Selected Society”, a divot club where philosophers, theologians and others discussed the science, politics and cultures of then. He began his theories with man as a political subject and set forth to analyze and question his economic activity. (It´s History, 2015) -
The Theory of Moral Sentiments
Smith published his work “The Theory of Moral Sentiments”, focusing on why man beside his natural need for self-preservation is interested in the fortunes of others. He described “The Invisible Hand”, which was a theory that economically speaking, it expresses the ability to help the free market. (It´s History, 2015) -
England
England began to change, private citizens were redirecting rivers, building canals and long-distance roads allowing faster transportation. (It´s History, 2015) -
Smith in Paris
Smith went to Paris to learn about mercantilism (economic model characterized government intervention). He thought economic prosperity for all can be realized through one’s self-interest and competition. (It´s History, 2015) -
Spinning Jenny
James Hargreaves spinning Jenny was patented
Middle of 18-century farmers moved to the big cities to start new jobs.(It´s History, 2015) -
Thomas Robert Malthus, an economist, was born. (It´s History, 2015)
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Cotton Mill
Europe became home to the first cotton mill. (It´s History, 2015) -
An Inquiry into the Nation and Causes of the Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith
“An Inquiry into the Nation and Causes of the Wealth of Nations” was developed to create the theory “Division of labor”, which consisted on the bigger the market, the more room for specialization in certain areas further increasing productivity that would lower the prices as competition went up. He considered the expansion of markets absolutely essential and openly critiqued tariffs and other restrictions administrated from the guild and the governments. (It´s History, 2015) -
Declaration of Independence of the United States.(It´s History, 2015)
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Germany
Germany referred to a geographical body that compromised many different states. (It´s History, 2015) -
Period: to
French Revolution. (It´s History, 2015)
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Smith´s death
Adam Smith, considered as the funder of classical economics and economic liberalism, died from an illness in Edinburgh. (It´s History, 2015) -
Free Trader
The prime ministry of England made a speech where he committed to the idea of Free Trade; since then, Adam Smith thought has made a profound impact on economics and politics. (It´s History, 2015)
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The principle of population
Malthus justified extremely low wages on his essay “The principle of population”, where he claimed that higher wages would let workers have more children, which would outstrip the food supply. (It´s History, 2015) -
Working conditions
The old working protection included minimum wages and fixed prices. They disappeared by a changing parliament; the new laws stopped people from unifying against their appalling wages and grisly conditions. (It´s History, 2015) -
French Revolution
French Revolution speed the ideas of the Enlightenment, With Napoleon, Paris received a lot of makeovers and civil planning constructions.(It´s History, 2015) -
Working conditions
The new ways of organizing labor along with new labor-saving machine helped produced the Industrial Revolution; producing higher levels of wealth and power for some of them, while others were pit of squalor and suffering. (It´s History, 2015)
The average leaving quarter was packed with multiple families living in one room, without tuning water. (It´s History, 2015) -
Working conditions
The expert knowledge of the spinners and Weaver´s became worthless because of the machines, which still needed plenty of operators. Workers moved to cities and were hire for repetition or hand manual labor. Some workers were paid on truck (tokens that could be only use in a store owned by the employer); an average labor consisted on more than 70 hours work weeks, they were luck during work and had temperatures up 27ºC. (It´s History, 2015) -
Nineteenth century: Background
Some artists started to search for a language that would be innovative with respect toward the academy and respond on the ever-increasing presence of mechanically. (Parmesani, n.d.) Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot, Gustave Courbet and Edouard Manet began their research by defining a program that was headed in the direction of “total realism”, where reality was confronted as it was and not according to someone’s perspective. (Parmesani, n.d.) -
Napoleonic Wars helped to open up trades with France.(It´s History, 2015)
1806-1815 -
Luddites
Groups of protesters against this started to pump up in underground meetings, for example the Luddites, who were active between 1811 and 1817. This group started after Ned Ludd smash the machine that came to replace him. After this, came parliamentary acts against the machine breaking in 1812, where executions were carried out against thus considered Luddites. (It´s History, 2015) -
With Napoleon’s defeat, France was not longer the dominant power.(It´s History, 2015)
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Karl Marx
Karl Marx was born in Germany; he went to law school at the request of this father. (It´s History, 2015) -
Victoria I
Alexandrina Victoria was born, she was the only child of Edward Augustus the Duke of Kent.(It´s History, 2015) -
Working conditions
The demand of better wages and conditions explored into strikes and organized pushes towards reform, which included male suffrage. Soon the legislative acts started to reflect the shifting tide of workers. (It´s History, 2015) -
Belgian Revolution
August 25 1830-July 14 183
After the Revolution Cities invested again in British technology (It´s History, 2015) -
Working conditions: No children
The factory act became first case of government meddling into business practices which forced manufactures not to hire children under 9, which increased costs, slow down production and made them less competitive. (It´s History, 2015)
1844: Children between 8-13 couldn’t work anymore the 9 hours per day. (It´s History, 2015) -
Sulfur Iron
Creation of sulfur iron own the German states to a common market.(It´s History, 2015) -
German railroad
First German railroad that went from Nuremberg to Firth. (It´s History, 2015) -
Marx´s engagement and marriage
Karl Marx became engage with a high society girl, however, he could notice the hate and ideological conflict that existed between his social class and his beloved one. (It´s History, 2015) -
Chartism
The working class still asked for reforms, creating movements that took various names. The most sounded was Chartism, which strategy consisted on putting pressure on politicians to give all men the vote in hopes of making the political system more democratic. (It´s History, 2015) -
Albert and Victoria
Cusin Albert visited Victoria because they were meant to get married(It´s History, 2015) -
Victoria I
Was given the news that Victoria I will be the next queen of England.(It´s History, 2015) -
Marx and Hegel
Marx went to Humboldt University in Berlin, becoming fascinated with Hegel´s idea of man ruled by things that himself created. (It´s History, 2015) -
Mass Production Backgrounds
The end of the First Industrial Revolution, left as result the mass production:
Bismarck in Germany gave workers more security by creating a welfare state, leading to life expectancy increasing. Cities were growing, leaving as a result innovation and advancements in technology, brought on by increasing competition in other nations. Governments wanted to secure international markets and sustain the supply of raw materials as production riced. (It´s History, 2015) -
Mass Production Backgrounds
Everyone was looking towards Africa, India, China and Japan. Europeans began extracting lands and bringing them back to their own countries, creating imperialism, leaving economic competition, nationalism and racism. (It´s History, 2015)
Steal production proved the backbone for new structures that weren’t limited by the maximum weight wall could bear as it used to be. (It´s History, 2015) -
After Britain’s Railway, Belgium began to expand it’s own railways (It´s History, 2015)
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Albert and Victoria
Albert and Victoria get married. They had nine Childs.(It´s History, 2015) -
Over 3 million signatures were submitted for the Chartism cause, but it was rejected by the parliament. (Its History, 2015)
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France was able to support national railway (It´s History, 2015)
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Rhine ashes item
Marx worked as a head editor of the “Rhine ashes item”, but he got fired because of his radical approaches. (It´s History, 2015) -
Marx and Engles
Marx and Engles met at Paris, and started having a friendship, where they would discuss their philosophical theories. Fredrich Engles made him realized the focus of his views of his work. Fredrich was soon to a factory owner and knew the impact the Industrial Revolution brought to society, and Blane the same society for that. They both wanted to put theory into practice, drawing Marks into politics. (It´s History, 2015) -
Osborne House
The royal family bought the Osborne house with the corresponding property of ten thousand acres in the year of the revolution.(It´s History, 2015) -
Financial Crisis began in England (It´s History, 2015)
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Working conditions: women and children
Women and children under 18 couldn’t work more than 10 hours a day over the course of 6 days per week. (It´s History, 2015) -
Communist into Manifesto
Karl Marx published the “Communist into Manifesto”. Revolutions started, monarchs began to resign, uprising were crushed, and workers were put back into their places, returning to the old order. The most important point of this manifesto was the “Abolition of Property”, which described that after the Communist Revolution, all land would no longer be owned by individual people, but would be consider a common property. (It´s History, 2015) -
The end of the Second Industrial Revolution
The end of the Second Industrial Revolution became the beginning of a modern era, with the move from analog to digital revolution, also known as the third industrial revolution. (It´s History, 2015) -
The Crimea War
The Crimea War started, Queen Victoria stood up for a military reform (It´s History, 2015) -
Automatic Safety Catch
Elisha Otis invented the "Automatic Safety Catch", that would become the confidence on the use of elevators. (It´s History, 2015) -
Aniline purple
William Perkins discovered an aniline purple that replaced the natural dye mouth, what would become the modern chemical. (It´s History, 2015) -
Impressionist movement
The Impressionist movement started, as a sharp contrast with academicism. It adopted a naturalistic painting based on the fleeting impression that an object transmitted by the eye of the painter into a canvas. The use of pure colors and the infinite possibilities of complementary colors and their reelection characterized this movement. (Parmesani, n.d.) -
Improvement of the sanitary conditions in the Hospitals of England. (It´s History, 2015)
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Albert and Victoria's Mother dead
Victoria’s I mother died on May and Albert died on December at the age of 42. (It´s History, 2015) -
Capital Volume One
Marx completed volume one of “Capital”, becoming the most important book for communist around the world. He describes a world in which everything is a commodity; the only commodity a worker has is his labor, and as long as people by his labor for own purposes, the laborer will be on a disadvantage. (It´s History, 2015) -
Germany because a national state. (It´s History, 2015)
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Sulfuric acid
Sulfuric acid was developed thanks to synthetic dyes. Germans discovered that aniline dyes could be use as painkillers, disinfectants and antiseptics. Thanks to this and to Felix Hoffman, aspirin became available. (It´s History, 2015)
Electricity was discovered and would begin to replace gas, lamps and candles, changing the way people work, and allowing lots of products to be invented as telegraphs, telephones, lights bulb, radio, etc. (It´s History, 2015) -
Empress of India
Prime Minister Disraeli succeeded it awaken the queen will drain, he told her that she was now the Empress of India(It´s History, 2015) -
Mir Akbar Khyber assessination (It´s History, 2015)
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Sequential production
Once electric power was introduced at a sequential production, output increased big-time, making possible interchangeable parts, allowing an easy assembly with little skill and time require. (It´s History, 2015) -
The name Skyscraper was beginning to be used. (It´s History, 2015)
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Neo-Impressionist movement
The Impressionist movement suffered a crisis which lead some artist to change into Neo-Impressionism. Its two major representatives were George Seurat and Paul Signac. (Parmesani, n.d.) -
Marx death
Marx died, leaving his name and work thou time, and being recognized now a days as the last Universal scholar. (It´s History, 2015) -
Victoria’s throne Jubilee. (It´s History, 2015)
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Telegraph
The telegraph became one of the most important factors in business and personal communication, and the automobile industries started. (It´s History, 2015) -
Ferdinand von Zeppelin
The use of hydrogen allowed the Ferdinand von Zeppelin make his first flight over Lake Constance. (It´s History, 2015) -
Lighter-Than-Air Ship
Ferdinand von Zeppelin patented his lighter-than-air ship with the use of hydrogen and made his first flight over Lake Constance in 1900.(It´s History, 2015) -
Queen Victoria died at the age of 81 years. (It´s History, 2015)
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Three-axis
The Wright brothers invented the three-axis control that allowed a pilot to maintain equilibrium, solving the flying problem. (It´s History, 2015) -
The Wright brothers used their invention for the first time. (It´s History, 2015)
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Wright Brothers
the Wright brothers pulled off the first successful flight with the tree axis control that allowed a pilot to steer an aircraft and maintain equilibrium.(It´s History, 2015) -
Hamburgers were sold for the first time in St. Louis.
(It´s History, 2015) -
Expressionism
The Expressionism started as an artistic movement in Germany with the Die Brücke group (Kirchner, Heckel, Schmidt-Rottluff and Nolde), and in France with the Fauves (Matisse, Derain, Dufy, van Dongen, Vlaminck and Braque). (Parmesani, n.d.) It consisted form painting to music, literature to theater and photography to cinema. It was marked by the violence of line and color. It no longer wished to represent the world but to express it. (Parmesani, n.d.) -
Expressionism
The German expressionism rebelled against the production mechanism of modern times. They propose a vision of a world that was objective and subjective at the same time.
The French Fauves were a much more heterogeneous group. Their common aim was to rebel against the decorativeness of Art Nouveau ad the spiritualistic expresses of Symbolism. (Parmesani, n.d.) -
La Joie de Vivre
Matisse painted “La Joie de Vivre”, the culmination of his artistic output; he combines nature with nude figures in small groups playing, resting, conversating, loving and living in harmony with the landscape. (Parmesani, n.d.) -
Les Demoiselles d´Avignon
“Les Demoiselles d´Avignon", the fundamental Cubism work was finished. Picasso determined the exact terms of the synthesis with tis artwork. (Parmesani, n.d.) -
Ford Model-T
The Ford´s Model-T was produced, and over 15 million cars were sold in the USA. At the same time, airships came alive. (It´s History, 2015) -
Cubism: Background
Cubism was developed in Paris from the researches of Picasso and Braque. The Impressionist chromatism was transformed into a solid volume of objects. It was influenced by:
- The work of Paul Cézanne from “The Card Players” to “Montagne Sainte-Victoire).
- The arrival of African art in Europe, particularly Negro sculptures.
- “The war” and “The Snake Charmer”.
(Parmesani, n.d.) -
Analytic Cubism
The subject was analyzed, fragmented and subsequently reconstructed on the canvas in a multitude of superimposed planes to render the pictorially in its entirety. (Parmesani, n.d.) -
“Big Nude” was painted by Braque. (Parmesani, n.d.)
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Landscapes at L´Estaque
A series of landscapes at L´Estaque were painted by Braque; the elements were reduced to elementary geometric forms. (Parmesani, n.d.) -
Cubism evolution
The volumes were sectioned and fragmented into infinite plastic planes by widespread play of light. The surface of the works were decomposed and reduced to thin geometric elements. (Parmesani, n.d.) -
Futurism
Futurism was funded in Milan by a group of artist and writers (Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, Giacomo Balla, Umberto Boccioni, Carlo Carrá and Luigi Russolo). The theories of the movement were based on a desire to destroy everything stale and outdated from tradition and the past, to create a new situation based on the myth of the motorcar and velocity. It was considered an Avant-Gard movement. (Parmesani, n.d.) -
Futurism
The works were painting or sculpting, poetru or literature, music or dance, photography or theatre and architecture or cooking. They set the theoric and analytic Cubism machine into motion. (Parmesani, n.d.) It was characterized by broken lines, agitated and frenetic rhythm, two predominant colors (red and black), the underscored drama, forms and emptions toward each event. (Parmesani, n.d.) -
Fernarnd Léger, Jacques Villon and Robert Delauney joined the Cubism movement. (Parmesani, n.d.)
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Abstract Art
It was used to describe a cultural climate that had developed in Northern Europe Primarily. The artists were interested in creating a new language. (It´s History, 2015) -
Abstract Art inspired
Inspired numerous artists like Kandinsky and inspired movements like De Stijl in Holland 1917 and Bauhause in Germany 1919. (It´s History, 2015) -
The Russian Avant Garde Movements
Tree important Avant-Garde Movements: Rayonism, Suprematism and Constructivism.
-Rayonism was founded by Mikhail Larionov and Natalja Goncharova and influenced by Italian Futurism.
-The Constructivism of Tatlin through the structure of the work an identity between artistic beauty and political Justice. (It´s History, 2015) -
Metaphysical Painting
Was adopted by Giorgio de Chirico when he reacted against the Futurism by painting the exact opposite.(It´s History, 2015) -
Synthetic Cubism
The subject returned to a formal and compositional order of rational and geometric character. (Parmesani, n.d.) -
Juan Gris
Juan Gris joined the Cubism movement and started to paint like the two great masters.
His research was characterized by strong colors, even when he used almost monochromatic tonal scale. (Parmesani, n.d.) -
Naval blockades
Two naval blockades were established to prevent cargo from reaching German ports
- Submarine U-15 was sunk by the British
- In central Africa, on lake Nyssa a British gunboat captured a German gunboat
(It´s History, 2015) -
Architect Cass Gilbert Woolworth Building in New York became the tallest building in the world. (It´s History, 2015)
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Black Square on a White Ground.
Malevich's Suprematism took its start from his painting Black Square on a White Ground.(It´s History, 2015) -
The Federal Reserved was created. (Crash Course, 2013)
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Artist of the Zurich movement
Marcel Duchamp, Francis Picabia, Alfred Steglitz and Man Ray announced their change to the Zurich movement. (Parmesani, n.d.) -
Futurism
Futurism ended with the outbreak of the first World War and the deaths of Boccini and Sant Elia. (It´s History, 2015) -
Russia. 4th economy in the world.
Russian currency was on the gold standard. (Neidell,2014) -
The Blank Check
The Kaiser Wilhem said he was going to support Austria against Serbia.(Neidell,2014) -
Astro-Hungarian Gabinet
The Astro-Hungarian gabinet accorded to start a war to reduce Serbia's territory and make then dependent on Austria. (Neidell,2014) -
Secret Report. From Sarajevo to Vienna
A report informed that there was no relation between the Serbian goverment and the assassination.(Niedell, 2014) -
Franz Josef. Ultimatum Against Serbia
The Ultimatun was sent and it had 15 demands and it linked the Belgrade goverment with the assassination, even without evidence. (Niedell, 2014) -
Serbia answered the Ultimatum
They agreed most of the demands one of them that the anti-Austrian propagandist would be punished but they rejected the demand of Austria being in charge of justice. (Neidell, 2014) -
Kiel canal
The Kiel canal was finally opened so that Germany could send ships between the North Sea and the Baltic Sea. (Neidell, 2014) -
Austria-Hungary Empire declared war to Serbia. (Niedell,2014)
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Kaiser Wilhelm read the Ultimatum
Kaiser Wilhelm read the full text of Austrian Ultimatun and Serbia response, he couldn't see the reason for the declaration of the war. (Neidell, 2014) -
Period: to
World War l. (It´s History, 2015)
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Belgrade was bombed
Austria bomarbading Belgrade. (Niedell, 2014) -
Russia
Russia partially mobilized their army.
The Tsar did not wanted a war so he pledge to Germany to avoid the calamity. (Neidell, 204) -
German fleet began to mobilize. (Niedell, 2014)
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British fleet began to mobilize
In response of the mobilization of the German fleet, British was prepared for a possible attack. (Neidell,2014) -
German Ultimatum to Belgium
Germany would make a swift attack through Belgium and Holland by passing the Franco-German border and sweeping down into Paris to avoid a two front war. (Neidell, 2014) -
Russia mobilization began.
At 5:00 pm, the Tsar signer the order beacuse of the German mobilization. (Neidell, 2014) -
German Ultimatum to Russia
Germany sent Russia an Ultimatum to stop war meassures against Austria and Germany. Russia rejected the Ultimatum. (Neidell, 2014) -
Belgian neutrality
British asked France and German respect to the neutrality of Belgium. France accepted the request but Germany did not respond. (Neidell, 2014) -
Assassination of Jean Jaures. (Neidell, 2014)
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German declaration of War
The German ambassor gave Russia the German declaration of war.
Russia rejected the German Ultimatum to stand down. (Neidell,2014) -
German crossed into France
The German troops crossed into France for the first time in 40 years. (Neidell, 2014) -
German Ultimatum to Belgium
German wave an ultimatum to Belgium were they demand free passage through Belgium for the attack. Belgium refuse it (Neidell,2014) -
Ottoman Empire began mining the Dardanelles. (Neidell, 2014)
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German occupied 3 towns on Russian Poland. (Neidell,2014)
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Germany declared war to France. (Neidell,2014)
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Britain declared war on Germany
German troops entered Belgium and Britain declared war on Germany. (Neidell, 2014) -
Battle of Leige
The German Empire reached their first serious military obstacle, Liege. Germans failed to take any of the 12 forts of the city. (Neidell, 2014) -
Austria-Hungary declared war on Russia. (Neidell, 2014)
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Serbia declared war on Germany. (Neidell, 2014)
-
100,000 volunteers
Lord Kitchener called for 100,000 volunteers, fearing it was going to be a long war. Britain was the only country with a professional army
(CrashCours, 2014) -
First offensive of the war
The French mounted the first offensive of the war, occupying Mulhouse in Alsace
- August 9th the German army counter-attacked and forced the French out of Mulhouse on the 10th. The French retreated to Belfort.
- August 12th the French army mounted a new offensive under general Paul Pau
(Crash Cours, 2014) -
German warships
2 German warships managed to elude the British and enter the Dardanelles; Envar Pasha (Turkish minister of war) let them enter and the ships were sold to the Turkish and given new names.
(Crash Cours, 2014) -
The great war week 3
the Austrian army invaded after bombing Belgrade; Austria-Hungary went to war to punish, destroy or annex Serbia but lost sight that Russia was the real enemy.
(Crash Cours, 2014) -
France and Britain declare war on Austria – Hungary. (Crash Cours, 2014)
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Crossing the English Channel
The first troops of the British expeditionary force crossed the English Channel (the moved 120,000 men in 10 days without a single loss)
(Crash Cours, 2014) -
Dada
In the middle of the First World War in neutral Zurich, a heterogeneous group of artists and intellectuals founded the Dada movement.
Dada was the negation of everything.
Dada spread rapidly throughout the world and many artist adopt it as their language.
(It´s History, 2015) -
Dada
The Dada movement started in the neutral Zurich, when a heterogeneous group or artist and intellectuals, which was formed by Tristan Tzara, Hugo Ball, Richard Huelsenbeck, Hans Arp and Marcel Janco, founded it. Entertainment, pure chance and total liberty were the most important elements for this movement. (Parmesani, n.d.) -
Dada
Dada was the negation of everything; it was art and negation of art, managing to get out of the narrow confines of painting, poetry and sculpture. This movement´s protest was against all the artistic and social values on that time. (Parmesani, n.d.) -
Zurich movement
At the same time the Zurich movement was starting, other two movements which centered in the same philosophy started at New York and Berlin. (Parmesani, n.d.) -
The Russian Revolution began. (Indy, 2015)
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The Second Futurism
The second Futurism was marked by a reduction of the dynamic element in favor of greater decorativeness. (It´s History, 2015) -
National Socialist German Workers Party
Hitler joined a political group called the German Workers Party, a year later they change their name to the National Socialist German Workers Party (Nazi). (Top5s, 2017) -
Afghanistan full independice. (It´s History, 2015)
-
White Castle introduced the concept of a fast food restaurant
A fast food restaurant where families could eat and have a good time.
(It´s History, 2015) -
USA agriculture
The agriculture sector in the USA suffered of a grate decadency and the prices dropped. (Crash Course, 2013)
A) American fabric expanded enormously during World War l, in order to provide food for all the soldiers.
B) Many farmers mechanized their operations so they could produce more, but they went into debt.
(Crash Course, 2013) -
Drive-ins
After the economic crisis, people started buying cars, and drive-ins where introduced
(It´s History, 2015) -
Hitler became the leader of the Nazi party (Top5s, 2017)
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Benito Mussolini
Benito Mussolini and his national fascist party start in Italy. (Top5s, 2017) -
Herbert Hoover
Herbert Hoover, starter the origen for local speculation in the stock of markets. (Crash Course, 2013) -
United States Railways
United States government supported the use railways.
In 1850, 14000 kilometers of railroad lines had been built in the United States.(It´s History, 2015) 1869 First Transcontinental railway system in the United States. (It´s History, 2015) -
USA Commercial markers
Commercial markers were in the position of loading more money for stock markets and real states than for commercial ventures. (Crash Course, 2013) -
USA bankruptcy
Lot of banks stared to come to bankruptcy. Depositors lined up to take out their money before the banks became bankruptcy. At the same time, banks asked for payday loans, and sold assets. (Crash Course, 2013) -
USA bankruptcy
Because of bankruptcy, less money was in circulation, which lead to deflation (businesses reduce costs by firing workers, so the workers can’t buy the products, building up inventories, then, the prices drop; banks stop lending money because the business mans can’t pay them back and so more businesses close because they cannot pay their employees anymore. (Crash Course, 2013) -
The Grate Depression
The Grate Depression was caused because of the massive disemployment they the companies suffered. (Crash Course, 2013) -
The Grate Depression
Once the American economic broke, thanks to the fall of the stock market and the bankruptcy, the economic of Germany, Grate Britain and France felt down as well, stoping the worlds commerce. (Crash Course, 2013) -
Federal Reserve
The Federal Reserve raises the discount rate, making credit even harder to get. (Crash Course, 2013) -
Hoover
Hoover higher taxes to stabilize the banks, balancing the federal budget, providing confidence for foreign creditors. (Crash Course, 2013) -
Hoover and the Congress
Hoover and the Congress created a reconstruction finance corporation, that was a federal program, which borrow money to provide emergency loans to banks, agricultural corporations, railways and high society. (Crash Course, 2013) -
The Grate Depression started to take shape. (Crash Course, 2013)
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Chancellor of Germany
The Nazi party had secured enough political support, Hitler becomes Chancellor of Germany. (Top5s, 2017) -
UN in Yugoslavia
Venezuela proposes to the UN to help Herzeg with its refugees, and although the notion was approved, they were never helped much. (EfectoNaaim, 2016) -
Mussolini in Africa
Mussolini send to Africa his army to construct his new empire. (Top5s, 2017) -
The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money
John Maynard Keynes published the “The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money”. By this time, 10 million people were unemployed, representing the 20% of the labour forces. (Crash Course, 2013) -
Roosvelt
Franklin D. Roosvelt, tried to use the power fo government to cushion the situation, persuading a grate number of industrialist to agree to maintain the salary. He got the Federal Farm Board to support agriculture and got a cognitional approval for $140 million for new public works. (Crash Course, 2013) -
Rhineland
Hitler ordered his troops into the Rhineland. (Top5s, 2017) -
Stanley Baldwin
British Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin stood down and was succeeded by Neville Chanberlain. (Top5s, 2017) -
Austria had it’s own Nazi Party. (Top5s, 2017)
-
Albert Einstain
Albert Einstain wrote a letter to the president of the USA telling him that the germans were capable of building a nuclear bomb, surging him to construct a similar weapon. (Top5s, 2016) -
World War ll art
The elements used on World War ll, are figurative, mannequins, geometric and technical drawing instruments; the mysterious shadows of invisible figures or unplayable games, took painting back to its intimate meaning. (Parmesani, n.d.) At this time, art did not serve the world; it was no illustrations or representations; it went beyond that. Its only objective was the investigation of its own language and its own structure. (Parmesani, n.d.) -
Second World War
Second World War began but some historians argue that it began in 1913 with the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in China. (Top5s, 2017) -
Hitler invaded and captured the rest of Czechoslovakia. (Top5s, 2017)
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Joachim von Ribbentrop met with Vwacheslav Molotov in Moscow. (Top5s, 2017)
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Joseph Stalin allied with the nazi. (It´s History, 2015)
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Giorgio Morandi
1939: Giorgio Morandi adopted the most concrete, solid and present element of Metaphysical painting; in the other hand, for Carrá it was the act of becoming geometrical. (Parmesani, n.d.) -
Hitler send his forces to Norway, the battle would last until June 10th. (Top5s, 2017)
-
Hitler order his trips in to Poland. (Top5s, 2017)
-
Neville Chamberlain
Neville Chamberlain told British people they were at war with Germany. (Top5s, 2017) -
Western Poland
Polish Arno was annihilated and the German army began consolidating their position, Western Poland as the Soviet Union invaded the east of the country. (Top5s, 2017) -
Poland ceased to exist as a free country. (Top5s, 2017)
-
Period: to
World War ll. (It´s History, 2015)
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The Spatial Art
The Spatial Art movement attempted to eject a fusion between the world of art and the real world so as to create an exchange the world produce an artistic event. (Parmesani L, n.d) -
Some artist in Europe became interested on the American Expressionism. (Parmesani, n.d.)
-
Germany struck west quickly overrunning Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands. (Top5s, 2017)
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Evacuation
An evacuation started with the fleet of little boats bearing down on the beaches to take people out waiting British warships. (Top5s, 2017) -
Mussolini went on the side of Nazi Germany declaring war on Britain and France. (Top5s, 2017)
-
RMS Lancastria
RMS Lancastria was bombed by German aircrafts. (Top5s, 2017) -
Hitler’s troops
Hitler’s troops archived what the Kaiser had failed to do in 4 years by defeating and occupying France. (Top5s, 2017) -
Destroy the RAF
German Luftwaffe began their offensive to destroy the RAF. (Top5s, 2017) -
German aircraft attacked Britain. (Top5s, 2017)
-
Greek warship Elli
An Italian submarine sank the Greek warship Elli. (Top5s, 2017) -
Italian forces launched an invasion in Egypt. (Top5s, 2017)
-
Tripartite Pact signed. (Top5s, 2017)
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Swordfish Bombers
The force of swordfish bombers took off from HMS Illustrious and caught the Italians completely by surprise. (Top5s, 2017) -
Rooselvert agree to create the atomic bomb. (Top5s, 2016)
-
German troop's tried to take Moscow
the German troop's tried to take Moscow but they failed. (Top5s, 2017) -
British were already pushing forward into Libya. (Top5s, 2017)
-
Hitler ordered his troops invaded Greece from Bulgaria. (Top5s, 2017)
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Italian troops
Italian troops attacked Greece, this pushed Greece closer to Britain who were desperate for allies after the fall of Western Europe.(Top5s, 2017) -
A u-boat was sunk by a Royal Navy plane on the surface. (Top5s, 2017)
-
Yugoslavia
Yugoslavia was divided into Serbs (Orthodox), Croats (Catholics) and Bosnians (Muslims). (EfectoNaaim, 2016) -
Joseph Tito
Joseph Tito began his government in Yugoslavia, preserving peace among the different religious groups of Yugoslavia. He had a policy of nationalism and separatism. (EfectoNaaim, 2016) -
President Truman took actions in order to bring the war to an end and prevent the invasion of Japan. (Top5s, 2016)
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Art Brut
Jean Dubuffet used the term Art Brut for the first time to describe the works that had been painted and had nothing to do with the culture or commercialization in the art´s world. (Parmesani, n.d.) -
Cold War (1945- 1990)
The Cold War was a political, economic and social confrontation between USA and Soviet Union. (Green, 2012) -
Divison of Berlin
At the Yalta Conference, Germany was divided into 4 Allie zones:
East Germany would go to the Soviet Union, the Western part to the USA, Great Britain and France, dividing Berlin into 4 parts. (Simple History, 2018) -
Huê
The imperial capital of the Nguyen Dynasty was recognized as it. (It´s History) -
Trinity
Truman eyed out the first nuclear weapon, called the Trinity test site, which was detonated on a uninhabited desert on New Mexico. (Top5s, 2016) -
Little Boy
The USA conducted the first-ever nuclear attack in history, in Hiroshima, Japan, with an atomic bomb called Little Boy, disteroing everything around one-mile radius, killing approximately 80,000 people. (Top5s, 2016) -
Fat Man
USA through the second attack, more powerful, at Nagasaki, Japan, which was called Fat Man, killing 40,000 people more and forcing Japan´s Emperor to surrender. (Top5s, 2016) -
A bomb was dropped in to the city of Nagasaki (Top5s, 2017)
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Conferences of Yalta and Post Dam
In the conference the winning nations divided alemania in 4 zones after the WW2. (It´s History, 2015) -
Movement of Concrete Art
Gillio Dorfles, Gianni Monnet, Bruni Munari, and Atanasio Soldati founded the Movement of Concrete Art in Milan. It’s objective was to propose itself as concept art in contrast to false abstraction.
(It´s History, 2015) -
Soviets movement against Berlin
Soviets tried to cut off with Berlin by closing the main road but Berlin airforce stopped it. In 1961 thay tried again, they build a wall around Western Berlin.(Green, 2012) -
Dunkin Donuts was funded. (It´s History, 2015)
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CoBrA
The CoBrA group was funded in Paris by John Pedersen, Alechinsky, Corneille, Appel and Constant. This name was given by the names that the three native cities of the artist, that were: Copenhagen, Brussels and Amsterdam. This group was characterized by an intense experimentalism, violent chromatic brushwork, abstract and figurative elements. (Parmesani, n.d.) -
Russia at Berlin
The Russians wanted to have all Berlin, so they attempted to starve them form the city, but the other three counties resisted by giving food and fuel supplies from aircraft, which was known as the Berlin Airlift. (Simple History, 2018) -
Development of Nuclear Bombs
Soviets motivarted by the war, developed a nuclear bomb that was succesfully tasted in 1949. (Green, 2012) -
The Beat Generation
Group of young writters who followed the hippies, rejected materialism, supported sexual freedon and mind-expanding substances. (Brett, 2015) -
Dubuffet
Dubuffet introduced the use of most disparate material to create paintings, compositions and sculptures. This were characterized by elementary marks, colors, and the fact that material became an instrument of consciousness, creating a path of rebellious aesthetic, that submitted to the rules of the artist world with difficulty. (Parmesani, n.d.) -
Art Informel
The Art Informel started, becoming the tool of a new artistic language. (Parmesani, n.d.) -
Art Informe
The exhibition of Paris that presented Art Informel for the first time, came alone with Jean Fautiere, Jean Dubuffet, Pierre Soulages, Wols, George Mathieu and Hans Hartung. (Parmesani, n.d.) -
Nuclear Movement
Nuclear Movement was founded, it was based on a consideration of it’s own contemporaneity and research on the atom, Erico Bajo Joe Colombo and Sergio Dangelo formed the Nuclear Movement in Milan. (Parmesani L, n.d) -
The Neo Dada
The Neo Dada started in New York. Robert Rauschenberg and Jasper Johns were the founders of the movement. (Parmesani L, n.d) -
Period: to
Green Revolution
The genetic modification, genetically modify food and the World Wide Web, created a greater accessory to information, as well as grater vulnerability to internet predators. (It´s History, 2015) -
Korean War
North Korea forces crossed the 38th parallel quickly routing their undertrained, under-equipped and outnumbered South Korean counterparts. (It´s History, 2015) -
UN Forces
UN forces under the command of Douglas MacArthur executed a masterful amphibious invasion at Incheon.(It´s History, 2015) -
Michel Tapié Art Informel
The name of Art Informel was mentioned by the first time by Michel Tapié in the exhibition of Paris; this was a cultural and existential condition that traversed Europe, involving art as it passed through Existentialism. This mood focused on making use of materials, rather than theoretical instruments that could influence reality. 1950: The artists Kazuo Shiraga, Yiro Yoshihara, Shozo Shimamoto and Sadamasa Motonaga adopted the Art Informel influence. (Parmesani, n.d.) -
Eight
In Italy, the Eight group, conformed by Afro, Renato Birolli, Antonio Corpora, Mattia Moreni, Ennio Morotti, Giuseppe Santomaso, Giulio Turcato and Emilio Vedova, formed around the critic Lionello Venturi, which created a controversy between the abstractionist and realist, by proposing a painting that had merit because of its lines, colors and internal force. (Parmesani, n.d.) -
Nuclear Movement manifiesto was published in Brussels. (Parmesani L, n.d)
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Conterculture
Conterculture emerged in U.S and U.K as a culture against the current culture of the society. (Brett, 2015) -
Italian Art Informel
In Italy, Francesco Arcangeli represented a group of artists that included Ennio Morlotti Pompilio Mandelli, Vasco Bendini, Sergio Vacchi. Mattia Moreni and Alfredo Chighine, which were influenced by the Art Informel condition. (Parmesani, n.d.) -
Death of Stalin (It´s History, 2015)
-
North and South Korea Front Line
The front line between North and South Korea, become a demilitarized zone, a 4 km wide buffer zone patrolled by North Korea, South Korea, U.S.A and UN troops. (It´s History, 2015) -
North and South Vietnam
Vietnam was divides into North and South zones to prevent communism expansion in Asia. (Neidell, 2015) -
Richard and Maurice McDonald
Richard and Maurice McDonald built the first drive-in in San Bernardino. It followed the assembly line principles, were every employee performed only one task. (everyone could do it). (It´s History, 2015) -
Burger king was funded. (It´s History, 2015)
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Vietnam Independence from France. (Neidell, 2015)
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Atomic bombs result
There was a significant increase on cancer deseases because of the radiation the atomic bombs left on the survivors. (Top5s, 2016) -
Hungary
Soviets crash down popular uprisings in Hungary. (It´s History, 2015) -
Allan Kaprow presented his 18 Happenings in 6 Paris. (Parmesani, n.d.)
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Happenings
Happenings were events or actions that intended to open artistic expression to reality. The first made Happening appeared in 1959. By American artist, at Allan Kaprow´s show. Soon after, Kaprow joined Jim Dine, Lucas Samaras, Claes Oldenburg, Robert Whitman, Red Grooms, Robert Rauschenberg and John Cage to this movement. (Parmesani, n.d.) Happenings manifested the need to step over the narrow limits of the artwork, by painting or sculpture. (Parmesani, n.d.) -
Allan Kaprow presented his 18 Happenings in New York. (Parmesani, n.d.)
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The Narrative Art
The Narrative Art took the concept of Body Art and transformed it into a rigorously narrative structure. It was adopted by some artist who created works by using sequences of photographs. The most significant representatives in America were David Askevold, John aldessari, Bill Beckely, Peter Hutchinson, William Wegman and Roger Welch; in France Annette Messager, Christian Boltnski, Jean Le Gac; in Germany Bernard and Hilla Becker; and in Italy Franco Vaccario ad Mkchele Zaza. (Parmesani, n.d.) -
Dada radical artist
A group of radical artists joined the Dada movement; among them, we can find Morris Louis, Kenneth Noland, Helen Frankenthaler and Ellsworth Kelly. (Parmesani, n.d.) -
Body Art
The Body Art was manifested with violence in spectacular and provocative actions and performances; they wanted to involve the spectator in an action that although it was intimate and private, required the presence of another to be understandable and confirmed. (Parmesani, n.d.) -
Body Art
At the Body Art movement, some artist presented in theatrical performances of rhythmic choreographed movements and music, in which Trish Brown, Rebecca Horn, Joan Jonas, and
Giuseppe Chiari stranded out. Others gave a more interior, intimate and violet experience, such as Gina Pane, Marina Abramovic, Chis Burden, Dennis Oppenheim and Bruce Nauman. (Parmesani, n.d.) -
Domino´s pizza was funded. (It´s History, 2015)
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Body Art
The Body Art movement started as an international phenomenon, where the body was no longer interrelated, but was used as a medium itself; the artist themselves were the characters and they were living their stories in first person. The use of their own voices, and their own gestures in order to show truth to the spectator was the main goal of the movement. (Parmesani, n.d.) -
King Mohammed Zahir
King Mohammed Zahir began to modernize and implemented a number of democratic reforms such as free elections and equal political rights for all Afghan citizens. (It´s History, 2015) -
Kroc
Kroc bought the franchise of McDonald´s. (It´s History, 2015) -
Period: to
The Body Art movement became popular. (Parmesani, n.d.)
-
Fluxus movement
George Maciunas and Dick Higgins funded the Fluxus movement, which was characterized by the complete openness of its artistic language to all the materials in the world and the flows of existence. (Parmesani, n.d.) -
Fluxus Movement
George Maciunas together with Dick Higgins and others founded the Fluxus Movement.(Parmesani L, n.d) -
Nicaragua
A coalition of opposition parties and students groups formed the FSLN, leaders by Augusto Cesare Sandino, in Nicaragua . (It´s History, 2015) -
Ad Reinhardt
Ad Reinhardt declared that “What you can say about art is it is art. Art is art and everything else. Art like art is nothing but art. That is not art is not art”, causing a change of mind in some artist. (Parmesani, n.d.) -
Separation of Berlin
The Berlin Wall separated western Europe and the Eastern bloc. (Simple History, 2018) -
Berlin´s separation
20% of the Berlin population went from the East to the West. (Simple History, 2018) -
German Democratic Republic of East Germany
The communist government of the German Democratic Republic of East Germany began the construction of the wall, to stop Western fascists to enter the social state of Germany. (Simple History, 2018) -
Berlin Wall
To go from one side of Berlin to the other, you had to go to a checkpoint, the most famous were called Alpha, Bravo and Charlie, and depending on the nationality and your status, you could apply for a visa to get into Este Berlin. (Simple History, 2018) East Germans could not cross the border to West Berlin. (Simple History, 2018) -
Alan Lightner
Alan Lightner, an American official, wasn’t allowed to cross, causing a standoff between American and Soviet tanks at checkpoint Charlie. This was stopped when the president J.F. Kennedy called Nikita Khrushchev and convinced him to back of this tank. (Simple History, 2018) -
Manifesto of the Nouveau Réalisme
Manifesto del Nouveau Réalisme was published in Milán making the officially beginning of the movement that had been founded a short time before in Paris. (Parmesani L, n.d) -
Period: to
Nicaragua Revolution. (It´s History, 2015)
-
Period: to
The Cold War (Simple History, 2018)
-
Cuba Misil Crisis
The countries (Cuba,USA and Soviet Union) were near Nuclear War at this point. (Green, 2012) -
Taco Bell was funded. (It´s History, 2015)
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Dada action painting
Barnett Newman, Clyfford Still, Mark Rothko and Ad Reinhardt brought substantial changes to action painting. (Parmesani, n.d.) -
Flexus International Festspiele Neuester Musik
Maciunas organized the “Flexus International Festspiele Neuester Musik” in Wiesbaden.(Parmesani L, n.d) -
Kennedy at Berlin
Kennedy visited Berlin, where he made an speech supporting the West Berliners. (Simple History, 2018) -
Warsaw Pact
Warsaw Pact marched into Czecoslovakia.
Protest against occupation and nearly a hundred of people were killed on the manifestation.
(Brett, 2015) -
I have a dream
Martin Luther King delivered a speech to stop segregation and discrimination of the black community and to guarantee liberty, security, and justice for everybody. (BecaMECestadosunidos, 2013) -
Assassiantion of John F. Kennedy. (Brett, 2015)
-
Vietnam american involvement was facing an increasing opposition. (Neidell, 2015)
-
William C. Westmoreland
Was in command of all U.S operations in Vietnam War. (Neidell,2015) -
Post Painterly Abstraction Exhibition
The “Post Painerly Abstraccion Exhibition” was full of works on which you could find reduced colors to the primary and essential while painting became an impalpable and immaterial veil. (Parmesani, n.d.) -
Conceptual Art movement
The Conceptual Art movement was formed by Joseph Kosuth, the British group Art & Language (Funded in 1968 by Terry Atkinson, Cavid Bainbride, Michel Baldwin and Harold Hurrel), Victor Burgin, Bernar Venet, Jan Burn and Mel Ramsden, and was promoted by the French critic Catherine Millet. They explored the actual definition of the artistic operation and empirical reality in order to find its basis. (Parmesani, n.d.) -
Hyper-Realism
The Hyper-Realism style started at the USA by a group of painters and sculptors. Their work was based on images of reality as seen through the photographic eye and were highly detailed and painstakingly executed. They tried to represent nature, with more details that a human eye could see. (Parmesani, n.d.) -
Hyper-Realism
Some of the most representative artist of the Hyper-Realism were Chuck Close, Richard Estes, Franz Gertsch, Don Eddy, John Kacer, Ralph Goings, Alex Coville, Robert Cotingham, Howard Kacerce, and Richard MeLean. In Germany, Gerhard Richter distorted the image optically, while Antonio Lopez García in Saoin seemed more concentrated with defining the form. (Parmesani, n.d.) -
North and South Vietnam
Americans sent ground troops to South Vietnam. China and Soviet Union supported the North with armed shipments. (Brett, 2015) -
Subway was funded. (It´s History, 2015)
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Musée des Arts Décoratifs Art Brut exhibition
A huge exhibition was heled by Jean Dubuffet, at the Musée des Arts Décoratifs in Paris, presenting Art Brut. Dubuffet maintained the artworks that ere spontaneously generated, authentically true and that represent an artistic expression by ignoring he official languages of art and criticism. (Parmesani, n.d.) -
Arte Povera
The Arte Povera movement was formed in Turin, Italy by a group of artists who came from all over Italy, and promoted by the critic Germano Celant, and Michelangelo Pistoletto. The movement was representative of what was happening internationally; art had opened up to a wide variety of materials, in particular natural ones. The Arte Povera artist favored the directly experienced. (Parmesani, n.d.) -
Arte Pover
It became art of the natural context, whether it was conceptual or concrete, in order to behave like a simple-structured organism. The relation between the artist and the world was not mediated, nor did it intended to re-elaborate the various materials that artist came in contact with; not only did the artist and the world interacted, but the viewer was also essential, since as the user of the aesthetic fact, he had to take an active part in the making of the artistic event. (Parmesani, n.d.) -
Arte Povera
Mario Merz, Janis Cornelis, Luciano Fabro, Giovanni Anselmo, Pier Paolo Calzolari, Giulio Paolini, -Alighieri Boetti, Giuseppe Penone, Gilberto Zorio and Emilio Prini were the main representatives of Arte Povera. (Parmesani, n.d.) -
Lyndon B. Johnson
The american president had sent 500,000 troops to Indochina.
(Neidell,2015) -
The Southern goverment colapse. (Neidell, 2015)
-
Communist Attacks
Communist forces launched several attacks on small settlements and tried to hold on them. (Neidell, 2015) -
Soviets crash down popular uprisings in Czechoslovakia. (Green, 2012)
-
Watergate affair
Resignation of the president of the U.S Richard Nixon's because his dirty tricks and illegal actions were discovered.
(Brett,2015) -
French students revolt
The movement sought to destroy various forms of repression.
May 10th “night of the barricades” 20,000 students marched in the Latin Quarter; police and students clashed, and the street fighting went on for weeks.
Paris divided, on the left stood the revolutionaries and on the right the conservatives. The movement succeeded on reforming and modernizing the French educational system and rejuvenated the Socialist Party.
(Reveal, 2014) -
Full scale offensive
The communist forces began a full sacle offensive on the marine base Khe Sanh near the demitarized zone.
(Neidell, 2015) -
Mortar and rocket attack Taggert. (Neidell, 2015)
-
Attacks in Vietnam
67.000 troops simultaneusly attacked 18 cities across the country. (Neidell,2015) -
Tlatelolco
Silence manifestation. 200,000 students marched in silence
18/09/68 Mexican army occupied CU
24/09/68 Mexican army occupied "El casco de Santo Tomás"
30/09/68 Mexican Army leaves CU.
(Rol Arthur, 2014) -
Tlatelolco masacre
3 student movement leaders called for a meeting in Tlatelolco, the Mexican army surrounded them and started shooting for an hour straight, ambulances weren't allowed in the square and the exact number of killings is still unknown due to the fact that the bodies were disappeared, but it is believed that around 300 peoples were killed that day. (Rol Arthur, 2014) -
Willy Brandt
Willy Brandt was elected chancellor and started a coalition between the SED and the FDP prepared to recognize the GDR as a second German state focused on common interests as securing world peace. (It´s History, 2015) -
Art after Philosophy by Kosuth
Art after Philosophy, said “the only vindication of art is art, Art is the definition of art”; where the subject and predicate referred to one another without any need of further specifications of logistic order, art was the definition of art. (Parmesani, n.d.) The only thing left for art to do was investigate itself, to see if it could create a work-concept that could respond to the materiality and partiality of the word with the immateriality and universality of the idea. (Parmesani, n.d.) -
FSLN
The FSLN gain a grate support from the population. The government reacted to these by inflicting torture. (It´s History, 2015) -
The Treaty of Moscow was signed. (It´s History, 2015)
-
South Korean
South Korean was poor and largely undemocratic country until a major economic boom. (It´s History, 2015) -
The Treaty of Warsaw was signed. (It´s History, 2015)
-
Hyper-Realism style was affirmed internationally at the VII Biennial of Paris. (Parmesani, n.d.)
-
Documenta V at Kassel
Hyper-Realism style was reaffirmed at the Documenta V at Kassel, by using a precise meticulous technique to create images that were more real than the real. (Parmesani, n.d.) -
Basic Treaty
The Federal Republic and the GDR signed the Basic Treaty.
(It´s History, 2015) -
Prime Minister Muhammad Khan
Minister Muhammad Khan staged a coup that would become the first president of the new republic of Afghanistan. (It´s History, 2015) -
Germany joined The United Nations. (It´s History, 2015)
-
The Oil crisis started. (It´s History, 2015)
-
Chile
CIA Helps General Augusto Pinochet to overthrow President Salvador de Allende. (Green, 2012) -
Nicaragua Congress
The FSNL conducted attacks against Nicaragia, and took the Nicaragua Congress as a host. (It´s History, 2015) -
USA cut off their aid to the FSLN. (It´s History, 2015)
-
Post-Modernism movement
The Post-Modernism movement started as criticism of the Modern movement in architecture. The term was used to describe a cultural period. Economics, philosophy, politics, sociology, architecture, design, information, advertising, and art reacted against the ideas of the modern, overthrowing them and turning everyday life into post-modern. (Parmesani, n.d.) -
Post-Modern movement
The basic principles of the Post-Modern movement were:
1. The idea that every epoch formal and functional rigor.
2. History as a Darwinian succession of events.
3. Formal and functional rigor.
4. Simplicity pureness, rationality and oneness.
(Parmesani, n.d.) -
Post-Modern movement
They opposed those principals with:
1. Stylistic and linguistic multiplicity.
2. Actuality as the oblivion of the past and the instant in which past, present and future unite.
3. The appearance of ornament and decoration.
4. Complexity, multiplicity, contradiction, temporariness and nomadism.
(Parmesani, n.d.) -
Post-Modernism movement
While the modern was characterized by categories like history, time, space and concept, the postmodern questioned those values and substituted them for history, one time, one space and one concept. (Parmesani, n.d.) Robert Venturi, an American architect, was the first to design those lines, while the French theorists Jean-François Lyotard and Jean Baudrillard elaborated the concepts of post-modernism. (Parmesani, n.d.) -
PDPA
PDPA call on Soviet military support realizing that the Afghan army was overwhelmed. (It´s History, 2015) -
Pedro Joaquin Chamorro
Pedro Joaquin Chamorro Cardenal, the newspaper editor, was murdered by Semoza Operatives. (It´s History, 2015) -
Taraki arrested and killed under the order of fellow calcoast Hatzolah Amin. (It´s History, 2015)
-
Halala Bonn Ghazni and Kabul
An uprising in Herat left thousands of people dead and it was followed by mutinies in Halala Bonn Ghazni and Kabul. (It´s History, 2015) -
The Soviet Union invade Afghanistan. (Green, 2012)
-
FSLN
The FSLN, thanks to the USSR, massive economic agrarian reforms, confiscating large amount of lands from Semoza´s Supporters and rredistributing them. (It´s History, 2015) -
Soviet Union launched an invasion in Afghanistan with 80,000 troops. (It´s History, 2015)
-
Contras
Military groups, named the Contras, popped up in military areas, and near the border to Honduras, opposing the FSNL. (It´s History, 2015) -
Tito, ruler of Yugoslavia died. (EfectoNaaim, 2016)
-
La presnza de passato- Strada novissima
An exhibition of architectural section of the Venice Biennale was heled by Paolo Portoghesi, where the colors and synthetic materials were arranged like tesserae and used for appearance and decoration. Authors like Alessandro Mendini of the Studio Alchima, Ettore Sottsass of Memphis, Aldo Rossi, Franco Raggi, Massimo Scolari, Franco Purini, Denys Santachiara, Paola Navone, Battista Lurashi and foreign like Hans Hollein, Michel Graves and Robert Venturi participated. (Parmesani, n.d.) -
Graffiti Art
Graffiti Art started in NY with many artists like Futura 2000, A-One, James Browns, etc.(Parmesani L, n.d) -
Post Modernism
Offshoorts of Post Modernism try to recover the traditional techniques of painting and sculpture.(Parmesani L, n.d) -
Ronal Regan
Ronal Reagan became the USA president, creating the Reagan´s foreign doctrine, emphasizing in rolling back the global communism by supporting rebel groups fighting the communist governments. (It´s History, 2015) -
CIA at Nicaragua
Reagan gave the CIA permission to aid the Contras with 19 million dollar budget. (Its History, 2015) -
Helmut Kohl became the "unity chancellor". (It´s History, 2015)
-
U.S.A Simulation of Nuclear Attack
U.S.A siulated the steps leading to the firts nuclear attack, the Soviet Union bought the simulation, thinkng they were in danger and they almost launched their missil. (Green, 2012) -
Iran's weapons
USA sold weapons to Iran, in exchange of freeing civilians at Nicaragua. (It´s History, 2015) -
The FSLN won the general election at Nicaragua. (It´s History, 2015)
-
Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North
Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North, offered a military aid to the National Security Council, where the arms would be sold directed to Iran, and send some profits to the Contras. (It´s History, 2015) -
Michail Gorbatschow
Michail Gorbatschow became the leader of the Soviet Union and introduced the reform program
-Perestroika
-Glasnost
(It´s History, 2015) -
Complete Decommissioning of all atomic weapons by the year 2000. (It´s History, 2015)
-
Slobodan Milósevic
After the death of Tito, Slobodan Milósevic, politician of the communist party, speaks for Serbia and decree that they are willing to fight in the war. After his speech, he came to power and gained control of the entire army of Yugoslavia. (EfectoNaaim, 2016) -
Eslovenia and Macedonia declear themselves independent. (EfectoNaaim, 2016)
-
June Democratic Uprising Korea. (It´s History, 2015)
-
Soviet presence in the Afghan county
Soviet presence in the Afghan county was heavily reduced in accordance with Mikhali Gorbachev’s new foreign policy. (It´s History, 2015) -
Ronal Reagan´s speech
Ronal Reagan gave a speech at the Brandenburg Gate, challenging the Soviet liter Mikhail Gprbachev to tear down the wall. (Simple History, 2018) -
The Geneva Accords laid
The Geneva Accords laid out a one year timeline for Soviet withdrawal. (It´s History, 2015) -
General elections Romania
-The opposition citizens committee was victorious in the general elections. (It´s History, 2015)
-At Romania, the conflicts were brutal and bloody (Timmy’s Wada and Bucharest). (It´s History, 2015)
-Nicolae Ceausescu and his wife were executed on live television on Christmas day. (It´s History, 2015) -
Germany Berlin Wall came down. (Green, 2012)
-
Poland
The Syndicate of solidarity started. (Green, 2012) -
Peace deal
After the American aid went off, the Contras decide to make a peace deal. (It´s History, 2015) -
Mujahideen
USA provided the Mujahideen with Stinger missiles which they could more easily shoot down Soviet Planes. (It´s History, 2015) -
Russian Troops
The last Russian troops have left the Afghan country. (It´s History, 2015) -
The fall of the Berlin Wall
The East German regime announced that the citizens had the right to cross the border whenever they wanted, creating a new freedom of travel. (Simple History, 2018) -
Fall of the iron curtain
In Hegyeshalom, a village with 3 thousand residents
the fence was dismantled and the iron curtain had finally fallen.
(It´s History, 2015) -
Monday demonstrations
Dullahan declared the Hungarian border open, and around 600 GDR citizens were granted passage
Monday demonstrations
Erich Honecker, general secretary of the SED and the GDR was deposed.
(It´s History, 2015) -
The fall
Great finale; The wall fell.
(It´s History, 2015) -
Cold War, declared over. (It´s History, 2015)
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The National Opposition Union
The FSLN lost the elections to a party called The National Opposition Union. Violeta Barrios Torres de Chamorro became president of Nicaragua, who managed to disarm the revellion groups. (It´s History, 2015) -
East and West Germany reunited. (Green, 2012)
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The Contemporary Period
the Contemporary period started and was characterized by a proliferation of themes of subjectivity about which it is difficult to speculate. (Parmesani L, n.d) -
Lothar de Maizière
First parliamentary elections took place in the GDR
Lothar de Maizière became the first prime minister.
(It´s History, 2015) -
The reunification of East and West Germany was made official. (Simple History, 2018)
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"Day of German unity". (It´s History, 2015)
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Yugoslavia´s Civil War
Croatia tries to separate itself from Yugoslavia, beginning to the Civil War. (EfectoNaaim, 2016) -
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina tries to separate from Yugoslavia, detonating the most violent moment of the war. (EfectoNaaim, 2016) -
Ethnic Cleansing
Ethnic Cleansing begins in Bosnia with the death and defoliating of thousands of Muslims in Bosnia. The aim was to expel all the Muslims by force so that Servia could stay with Bosnia. (EfectoNaaim, 2016) -
Period: to
Yugoslavia Civil War. (It´s History, 2015)
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The Warsaw pact was dissolved. (It´s History, 2015)
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Ahmad Shah Masud
Kabul fell to a force commanded by Ahmad Shah Masud. (It´s History, 2015) -
Radovan Karadžic
Radovan Karadžic emerges as the leader of the Serbian minority at Bosnia. (EfectoNaaim, 2016) -
Herzeg
The Serbian army attacked 30,000 refugees in Herzeg, by preventing the entry and exit of people and food when they surrounded the city. (EfectoNaaim, 2016) -
Syrians at Herzeg
The Syrian army took Herzeg, leaving as a result thousands of bosnians raped and tortured. (EfectoNaaim, 2016) -
Siberian liberation
When the Serbian liberated the refugees, only women and girls were able to leave, as the Muslim men and boys had already been exterminated and abandoned in mass graves. (EfectoNaaim, 2016) -
USA House market
US investors were looking for low risk, high return investment, and so they started throwing their money at the USA housing market, buying investments named mortgage backed-securities. (Crash Course, 2015) -
USA investors
Credit rating agencies told investors the mortgage backed-securities were safe investments; so, investors could buy more, the banks started lending to low income and poor credit customers, becoming high-risk investments. (Crash Course, 2015) -
George Bush
George W Bush won the elections and became president of the USA. (Crash Course, 2014)
He made the No Child Left Behind act, by implementing a refocus standard and testing regimes. (Crash Course, 2014) -
Bush
Bush pushed to the largest tax cut in American history, claiming that it would stimulate growth in an economic that had stumbled after the dot-com bubble in 2000. (Crash Course, 2014) -
NATO launches attacks against Serbia, forcing them to negotiate peace. (EfectoNaaim, 2016)
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Ahmad Shah Masud was assassinated. (It´s History, 2015)
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US airstrikes on Afghanistan
The USA launched its first airstrikes on Afghanistan, which was ruled by a group of Islamic fundamentalists called The Taliban. (Crash Course, 2014) -
The Twin Towers
At the morning, terrorist affiliated with Al Qaeda, making 4 airliners, giving as a result that 2 planes were flown into Manhattan´s World Trade Center, one into the Pentagon in Washington and the otherone crashed in Pensilvania, living almost 3,000 deaths. (Crash Course, 2014) -
Bush speech
Bush gave a tv report on which he called that America had been attacked by terrorist “because we love freedom… and they hate freedom”. He announced as well a new guiding principle in foreign policy, known as the Bush Doctrine. (Crash Course, 2014) -
Invasion of Iraq
USA and GB invited of Iraq. They indeed it because Irak had quizzical and biological weapons of mass destruction, and they has a link between Saddam Hussein and the Al Qaeda attacks. (Crash Course, 2014) -
Bush re-election
Bush was re-elected; however, by this time, employees had been reduce a 90%, special in manufacturing industry, thanks to the recession. (Crash Course, 2014) -
Hurricane Katrina
Hurricane Katrina slammed into New Orleans, killing over 1500 people, and living the city without federal support, and exposing the poverty and racial division in the city. (Crash Course, 2014) -
USA PATRIOT ACT
The USA PATRIOT ACT was approved to protect USA form future terrorist acts, giving the government law enforcement power to combat domestic terrorism. (Crash Course, 2014) -
The National Security Agency
The National Security Agency was authorized by the president, which permitted to listen to phone conversations without the need of a warrnt. (Crash Course, 2014) -
Torture US law
The US Congress banned the use of torture, without including the enhanced interrogation techniques. (Crash Course, 2014) -
Ortega
Ortega gained the presidency of Nicaragua, reconciling with the Catholic Church, and maintaining relations with Iran, Venezuela and Cuba. (It´s History, 2015) -
Iraq
Iraq became Islamist terrorist territory. (Crash Course, 2014) -
Nancy Pelosi
Nancy Pelosi became the first woman speaker of the House in American history. (Crash Course, 2014) -
USA recession
USA felt back into recession, followed by the collapse of the American banking system in 2008. (Crash Course, 2014) -
Big lenders has declared in bankruptcy (Crash-Course,2015)
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War survivors in Serbia are condemned for war crimes. (EfectoNaaim, 2016)
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The Major Recession 2008-2012. (Crash-Course,2014)
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The Great Crash
The clients couldn’t pay their mortgages and the investors had many houses, but there were no more buyers left to buy them and recover their investment, leading to the collapse of prices. (Crash Course, 2015) All prices felt and mortgages costed more than the houses were, which led to more defaults, pushing prices down further. (Crash Course, 2015) -
2.5 million of jobs in the United States has been lost. (Crash-Course,2014)
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Barack Obama
Barack Obama’s elections, he was the first African American president. (Crash-Course,2014) -
More Women than men held paying jobs for the first time in America. (Crash-Course,2014)
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GDP drooped 6% in USA. (Crash-Course,2014)
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The USA Congress
The USA Congress passed a stimulus package that pumped over $800 billion into the economy through new spending and tax cuts.(Crash-Course,2015) -
Financial Reform
The Congress passed financial reform called the Dodd-Frank law to increase transparency. (Crash-Course,2015) -
Obama was re-elected. (Crash-Course,2014)
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PRISM
USA introduced the NASA surveillance programs like PRISM. (Crash Course, 2014)
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