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USA, Ohio - first bilingual education law
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Bloomfield
definition: native-like control of both languages -
German - East German
In the 1950s, the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) introduced measures to address the linguistic diversity in the region, particularly regarding the Sorbian language. -
Haugen
definition: producing complete and meaningful sentences in more than one language -
Diebold - bilingual learner
A speaker has one highly developed language, and one in the early stages of development (incident bilingual) -
Diebold
definition: the use of at least two languages either by an individual or a group of speakers -
Lambert et al
Lambert and his colleagues at McGill University developed Canadian Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency for the needs of bilingual students - first immersion school started -
Macnamara - bilingual learner
Anyone who possesses minimal competence in only one of the four skills other than their mother tongue is bilingual. -
Welsh
Language Act of 1967 -
Haugen
definition: simply as when a speaker can produce the language -
Mackey
definition: "the alternative use of two or more languages by the same individual" -
Mackey - bilingual learner
An individual who uses two or more languages alternatively. -
Halliday - bilingual learner
Someone with a communicative competence in more than one languages -
Weinreich
definition: the alternative usage of two languages -
USA
Bilingual Education Act - children developing English should have a different educational program never required bilingual education -
Lambert
proposed two types of school bilingualism: subtractive and additive -
Grosjean - bilinguals
Bilinguals are not two monolinguals in one person -
Beardsmore
definitions:
- "the presence of at least two languages
- within one and the same speaker, remembering that ability in these languages may or may not be equal -
Beardsmore - bilingual learner
Those being able to use two or more languages, not necessarily at the equal level of competence -
Canada
Constitution Act, 1982 guarantees legal equality of English and French -
Maori - New Zeland
Maori Language Act of 1987 -
Grosjean - bilingual learner
the regular use of two (or more) languages -
Grosjean - bilingual learner
people who use two or more languages in their daily lives -
Cen Williams
translanguaging -
Spain - Bilingual Education Programme
by the Ministry of Education -
The Republic of Ireland
the Education Act of 1998 acknowledges two official languages: Irish (Gaeilge) and English. -
Roeper
Bilingualism: the representaion of mini-grammars; hence, Universal Bilingualism -
Fitzgerald
A person who is equally proficient in both languages and cognitive gains -
USA
No Children Left Behind -
Shohamy
uses the term "languaging" -
Garcia
heteroglossic model of bilingualism - the recursive dynamic model and dynamic model -
China
China formally introduced a policy of “bilingual education” in for schools in all minority areas in China -
Garcia and Kleifgen
dynamic bi / plurilingual education