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Namely Hymes
Defined communicative competence not only as an inherent grammatical competence but also as the ability to use grammatical competence in a variety of communicative situations, thus bringing the sociolinguistic perspective into Chomsky’s linguistic view of competence. -
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Savignon
Put a much greater emphasis on the aspect of ability in her concept of communicative competence. Namely, she described communicative competence as «the ability to function in a truly communicative setting – that is, in a dynamic exchange in which linguistic competence must adapt itself to the total informational input, both linguistic and paralinguistic, of one or more interlocutors” -
Canale and Swain
understood communicative competence as a synthesis of an underlying system of knowledge and skill needed for communication. In their concept of communicative competence, knowledge refers to the (conscious or unconscious) knowledge of an individual about language and about other aspects of language use. There are three types of knowledge: knowledge of underlying grammatical principles, how to use language in a social context and how to combine utterances and communicative functions. -
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Canale and Swain
The theoretical framework/model which was proposed by Canale and Swain had at first three main components, i.e. fields of knowledge and skills: grammatical, sociolinguistic and strategic competence -
Widdowson
Made a distinction between competence and capacity. In his defi nition of these two notions, he applied insights that he gained in discourse analysis and pragmatics, he defined communicative competence, in terms of the knowledge of linguistic and sociolinguistic conventions he often referred to as procedural or communicative capacity, he understood the ability to use knowledge as a means of creating meaning in a language. ability is not a component of competence. -
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Canale
transferred some elements from sociolinguistic competence into the fourth component which he named discourse competence. -
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Canale and Swain
Described discourse competence as mastery of rules
that determine ways in which forms and meanings are combined to achieve a meaningful unity of spoken or written texts -
Taylor
proposed to replace the term «communicative competence» with the term «communicative proficiency». -
Bachman
suggested using the term «communicative language ability», claiming that this term combines in itself the meanings of both language proficiency and communicative competence, Bachman defi ned communicative language ability as a concept comprised of knowledge or competence and capacity for appropriate use of knowledge in a contextual communicative language use -
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Bachman and Palmer
proposed a much more comprehensive model of communicative competence. The easiness with which the model of Canale and Swain can be applied is probably the main reason why many researchers of communicative competence still use it. -
Bachman and Palmer
some general characteristics, their topical knowledge, affective schemata and language ability influence the communicative language ability. The crucial characteristic is their language ability which is comprised of two broad areas language knowledge and strategic competence.
