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*Does not allow the Deaf to participate in the rituals of the Temple
*Property Rights denied to Deaf-mutes -
*Without speech, there was no outward sign of intelligence, so Deaf people must not be capable of ideas of language
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*Those born deaf become senseless and incapable of reason because they were not educated
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*St. Augustine tells early Christians that deaf children are a sign of God's anger at the sins of their parents
*Dark and Middle ages - Deaf individuals are committed to asylums because they were thought to be possessed by demons -
*People born deaf could not have faith, could not be saved and were barred from churches
*Must be able to “hear” the word of God – Punishment from God
*Enlightenment begins -
*First physician to recognize the ability of the deaf to reason
*Teaches his deaf son using a code of symbols
*Believes the Deaf can be taught written language
*Pedro Ponce de Leon - invents signs to circumvent "vow of silence" to communication necessary info -
*Wrote the first well-known book of manual alphabetic signs for the deaf
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*Settled by immigrants from England who carried genes for deafness
*Sign language developed on the island
*Became a haven for deaf individuals and deaf culture -
*Samuel Heinicke - German oral teacher of the deaf who teaches speech by having the students feel his throat while he speaks
*First oral school for the deaf opens in Germany -
*Charles Michael De L'Eppe - French priest who established first free public school for the deaf in France
*Worked to bridge the gap between deaf and hearing worlds through standardized signs and finger spelling
*Published a dictionary of French sign language -
Thomas Braidwood opens first school for the deaf in England
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*Arnoldi believes education of the deaf should begin as early as 4 years old
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*Abba Silvestri opens first school for the deaf in Rome, Italy
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*Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet - Travels to Europe and meets Laurent Clerc
*Both return to America and found the American School for the Deaf in Hartford, Connecticut
*Alice Cogswell (Gallaudet's initial inspiration) is first to graduate from the school -
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*ASL flourishes
*Approximately 40% of all teachers are Deaf -
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*John Flournoy - attended the school in Connecticut
*Proposed to Congress that there be a deaf state with land set aside so the deaf could control their schools and establish their own government -
*Abe Lincoln - Signs the charter for the Washington D.C. based college for the deaf
*National College for the Deaf and Dumb - only accredited facility for the deaf in the US to offer college degrees
*Edward Miner Gallaudet - first president of Gallaudet (son of Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet) -
*Began his career as a deaf educator before inventing the telephone
*Mother was hard of hearing
*Promoted "visible speech" -
*Opens in Boston and concentrates on the oral method
*Bell focuses on a machine that mechanizes speech
*A period of upheaval in deaf education began with a backlash against sign language -
*Pronounces oral education methods were superior to manual communication methods
*Manual education declines sharply the next 10 years
*The National Association of the Deaf is founded -
*William "Dummy" Hoy - gets the American League's first grand slam
*Umpire hand signals are developed so Hoy can see the call from the outfield
*Huddle formation developed in football to hide the plays from the opposing team -
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Alexander Graham Bell reportedly develops an earphone for amplifying sound, but never pursues a patent
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*New job opportunities for deaf people because they cannot serve in the military
*Many take manufacturing jobs -
Oralism in America is at its zenith
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*Deaf men and women are hired in record numbers to work in defense industries
*Many relocate to factories in California, Ohio, New York, and Washington D.C. -
First linguistic book and defense of ASL as a language by William Stoke
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Robert Weitbrecht invents the teletypewriter (TTY), which enables deaf people to use the telephone
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*Congress issues the Babbidge Report on oral education and states it was a dismal failure
*Acknowledge superiority of manual communication -
*Bernard Bragg - deaf actor and mime
*Stars in "The Silent Man"
*Co-Founder of the National Theater of the Deaf -
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ASL is not included because it is not recognized as a language
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*Developed to create a manual code for English that can be used to supplement the oral method
*Sign systems used simultaneously with speech to promote English skills -
*The Caption Center at WGBH in Boston open captions "The French Chef" - the country's first nationally broadcasted captioned program
*Closed Captioning developed in 1980 -
The Rehabilitation Act of 1973 includes a section requiring the disabled be given access and equal opportunity to use the resources of organization that receive federal funds
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*Counted 13.4 million hearing and 1.8 million deaf Americans
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*Requires handicapped children in the US be provided with free and appropriate education, allowing for mainstreaming
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*Requires all businesses, colleges, and organizations which have federal contacts or receive federal funds be open and accessible to physically disabled persons
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The signs of language Klima and Bellugi - first linguistic research on ASL
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*A network for deaf individuals that operated 24/7
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*Begins broadcasting from Gallaudet University Television Studios in DC
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*Approved for clinical trial in people 18 and older
*Stirs controversy among the Deaf -
*Marlee Matlin becomes the first deaf actress to win an Academy Award for her role in "Children of a Lesser God"
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*Students and faculty of Gallaudet University protest the selection of another hearing president
*Continues for one week
*A new deaf president is ultimately elected -
*Written and produced by Ella Mae Lentz and Ken Mikos
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*Published by the Gallaudet University Linguistics Department
*Proposes a return to ASL as the first method of instruction for deaf children -
*Recommends that ASL be used as a primary medium of language instruction with English as a second language
*Recommends that ASL be included in the Bilingual Education Act -
*Discriminatory practices and obstacles to accessibility for the handicapped are outlawed
*Allows for greater communication, education, and employment opportunities for the deaf -
*IDEA recommended that disabled students should attend schools with the "least restrictive environment"
*Deaf schools were labeled as "most restrictive environment"
*Enrollment plunges and some schools close -
*Gives all disables students the right to attend schools in a least restrictive environment
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Heather Whitestone - orally educated deaf woman from Birmingham, Alabama wins the competition
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*Nucleus 22 device and SPEAK Speech Processing System are the latest technological advances in implantation
*12,000 candidates have been implanted -
*Require 100% of cable television to be captioned within 8 years and require real-time captioning for local news
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Christry Smith - Alumnus of Gallaudet University
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Deaf Actress and Television Star
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Deaf Professional Baseball Player
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Marlee Matlin competes on "Dancing with the Stars"
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*TV show about two teenagers who were switched at birth
*Includes multiple deaf and hard of hearing series regulars and scenes shot entirely in ASL -
*Includes captions for the audience unfamiliar with sign language
*A "first" for network television
*Drew a record-breaking audience -
*Helen Keller is born in Alabama
*Taught by Annie Sullivan -
*Combination of manual and speech-based instruction for the deaf is developed and promoted
*Becomes the foundation for a new approach to deaf education with public schools