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1600 BCE
Bering Land Bridge
The Bering Land Bridge took place in the first wave. It helped the first Americans and animals travel across the Pacific Ocean from Asia to North America. 99% of Native Americans came from Asia 27,000 years age. They created clovis points which have spear tips to hunt large animals for food and the fur as clothing and used them as weapons to defend themselves. They also became apart of the Native American culture. Glaciers were also very prominent and became obstacles to pass on the bridge, -
Period: 1600 BCE to 1500
Beginning to Exploration
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1000 BCE
The pyramids of Mesoamerica
Most Ancient Mesoamerican civilizations built pyramid-shaped structures to bury their royalty in a safe and sacred space. They were usually steep but weren't the same as Egyptian pyramids. Mesoamerican Pyramids served also served many functions from astronomical observatories to places of ritual worship and sacrifice, and perhaps something linked to extraterrestrials.They took many years to build and some even didn't get finished due too delays and limited funding. -
476
Fall of the Roman Empire
The Roman Empire was one of the most prominent and successful empires of its day in age and is still culturally mimicked to this day. One of the many reason the empire fell was the rise of a new religion, Christianity. The religion is monotheistic which ran opposite to the traditional Roman religion. The fall was also due to many military losses and strengthening of the East. The Roman Empire was invaded by the Huns who were nomadic people who lived in the Eastern empire. -
700
Feudalism Develops
Feudalism is the dominant social system in medieval Europe. the top of the social ladder was the Crown followed by the military, nobles and lastly the peasants and serfs. With the king so being closely associated with the Catholic pope it allowed for him to have religious power and once he was crowned as emperor of Holy Rome feudalism began to flourish. Feudalism became apart of the Roman culture and succeeded Roman law. Throughout the centuries feudalism had become deeper than it started. -
1347
The Black Death
The black death was a disease that killed 40-50% of Europe's population. It arrived by sea from travelers from a long journey through the black sea. Victims of the virus were subject to fever, unable to keep food down and were delirious from pain. They were cover in black boils that held blood and pus which is where the name "the black death" comes from. At the time there where no workers because everyone was scared to catch the disease which was common for the poor to catch through rats. -
1428
Aztecs caste system
The Aztecs followed a strict social society in which individuals were identified as nobles, commoners, or serfs. The serfs, or slaves,were the lowest of the social ladder they worked on lands owned by nobles and lived in poverty. Priests had their own internal class system and were expected to be celibate and to refrain from alcohol. If they failed to do this they could be subject to serious punishment or even death. Women had limited leadership roles and there was no way to move up the ladder. -
1492
The Colombian Exchange
The Colombian Exchange was the worldwide exchange of plants, animals, culture,fruits, technology and disease form the New and Old Worlds that transformed Native American and Europeans way of life.Although the transfer was between both the New and Old Worlds the Old World benefited mostly from these perks. The exchange was mainly for cultural expansion of animals and plants, but disease was the main product taken from this. European diseases wiped out the Native American population. -
Roanoke
Roanoke also known as "the lost colony" was the first colony to be established in the new world. Little is known about the colony, but we do know that was an island off the coast of modern day North Carolina and governed by John White. Later that year White traveled back to England in search of fresh supplies. Once he returned, 3 years later, there was no trace of his family or any other settlers in the area. -
Indentured servants
Indentured servants were brought over to the colonies shortly after the colony of Jamestown was established. The purpose of indentured servants was the need for cheap labor before slavery was prominent. Indentured servants usual worked 4-7 years in return for food, housing and their freedom after the 4-7 years. The life for servants were harsh and strict. Although, it wasn't slavery they had many similarities. Indentured servants became less relevant when the rise of slavery began around 1650. -
Period: to
English Colonial Societies
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Headright System
The Headright System was put in place to attract new settlers to the colonies due to the decline of the population. Settlers who where able to travel to the colonies successfully were granted 50 acres of land. This land was mainly used for upcoming tobacco growth which increased the need for labor. -
Tobacco
Tobacco originated from the Caribbean islands and eventually migrated its way into the colonies. Early on it didn't have much profit but was used in many different ways for Native Americans. Such as in religious events and healing medicine. Tobacco became a profit maker once Europeans sailors discovered it from the Natives. -
William Penn
William Penn was a religious reformer who became the leader of the Quaker religion and founder of Pennsylvania. Penn acquired this land from the king who owed a large debt to Penn's father who passed away. Pennsylvania was originally created as a religious refuge for Quakers who had been discriminated against in Britain. Which is how it gathered its nickname "the Peaceable Kingdom". -
Glorious Rebellion
The Glorious Rebellion was a rebellion by the people to over threw King James II of England. With this William and Mary of Orange where put into power. Wanted a Spanish style colonial government . The English also wanted to ally them self with Catholic France. -
Salem Witch Trials
The Salem Witch Trials began in a time when fear was rampant. The trials started in Massachusetts where a ministers daughter started acting strange and claimed to be possessed due to witchcraft. By fall the trials had began. 200 people (men and women) where accused of practicing witchcraft and dozens were executed. Eventually, Massachusetts courts realized they made a big mistake and compensated the families for their lost. The trials ended in 1693 but the trauma from it still lingers. -
The Atlantic Slave Trade
The Atlantic slave trade gave Europeans a new and cheap source of labor. In the 1600s Spain, Portugal and Holland led the slave trade but by the 18 century Britain became the world leader in slave trading power. British ships where estimated to have transported about 2-3 million slaves in this period of time but more than 10% died during the journey. Most slaves where shipped to Europe after leaving Africa to be trained for the harsh labor they would endure in the Americas. -
Middle Passage
The Middle Passage was the third leg of the triangular trade where slaves where shipped to the New World and South America after being trained in Europe for raw materials, such as iron, tobacco, coffee, etc. The trip took three to four months to arrive in the West while slaves where stuffed in ships in rows with chains held to the floor. 10 to 15 percent of slaves died during the passage and for every 100 slaves 40 had died during the Middle Passage. -
Northern Slavery
Slavery in the Northern colonies were not as prominent because of the religious outlook and the less fertile land they had. Though the Northern slaves were not as vital to the economy some still worked as field hands on small farms, some as domestic servants and metal workers. Even though there wasn't much of slavery, blacks were still disliked in the North which lead them to create their own communities of free blacks and slaves in distant cities keeping traditions alive. -
Upper South
In the upper South, such as Virginia, Slaves were treated better due to less reliance on the agriculture lifestyle in the lower South. For example, tobacco was less prominent so it required less oversight. Slaves were divided into smaller groups because of the smaller plantations due to less crops being grown. Slaves were actually treated better and became the minority race on smaller plantations which caused the culture to become harder to preserve then it would have been in the lower south. -
Period: to
Colonial America in 1763
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The enlightenment
The Enlightenment in the colonies was about improving society through math and science. The most well known thinkers were Sir Issac Newton, John Locke and Benjamin Franklin. They pushed for science to become normal thinking over religion and superstition. Along with this the idea of deism came which is the thought that God made the earth but doesn't directly interfere with the world. Four more ideas come from the enlightenment such as, liberalism, republicanism, conservationism and toleration. -
The Great Awakening
The Great Awakening was a spiritual revival that went over the colonies. The Awakening put more emphasis on individuals and their spiritual importance instead of the importance of the church. One of the important preachers of this time was George Whitfield. He traveled all across North America preaching gospel increasing his following of people. During this time Elite Universities were also founded, such as Harvard, Yale, Princeton, etc. The Awakening also gave ordinary people a voice. -
Georgia
Georgia was founded in 1733 and the last colony to be created. England was in midst of the enlightenment where King George believed that the worst of society could prosper in the best circumstances. Georgia was then known as a Penal Colony which held prisoners and the poor, who couldn't pay their rent, in a pure environment or rehab. Georgia was also put in place as a buffer colony above Spain Florida.This system ended up failing and King George revoked the carter making Georgia a royal Colony. -
Period: to
Revolutionary Era
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Revenue Act
The Revenue Act, also know as the sugar act, was put in place to end the smuggling trade in of sugar and molasses in the colonies and increased revenues to fund the British Empire. The Colonist resisted and voiced their displeasure in thinking that Parliament was doing this for their own good because this act was presented at a time where the colonist were in an economic depression. In result, the colonists rebelled by signing petitions and was the beginning of taxation without representation. -
Stamp Act
The Stamp Act was an act Parliament passed that required colonists to pay a tax on every piece of printed paper used. This act was enforced harsher than the Revenue Act to try and keep the colonist from rebelling again.Though, the colonists felt that this was a direct attempt to fund money without the approval of the colonial legislature. As a result, colonist boycott British goods and attacked tax collectors. The act was later repealed which was the 1st British retreat in colonial resistance. -
Declaratory Act
The Declaratory act was the reaction to the failed stamp act and was passed the same day the stamp act was repealed to show that British forces were still in control. The Declaratory act stated that British Parliament had the same tax authority in Britain as in America. This forced colonist into total submission under Britain. The act allowed Britain to have a broad spectrum of taxes and laws to impose on the colonist, such as the Townsend Acts, Quartering Acts and Navigation Acts. -
Nonimportation movement
The nonimportation movement developed when colonist boycotted against British goods to try and change the royal policy. This became one of the most effective means of colonial Resistance against the British. Which affected the North the most. The boycott caused many women who had never been forced to make their own clothing and goods to start learning how to do so. Colonists also boycotted tea products from the British East India Company which eventually lead to the Boston tea party. -
Boston Massacre
The Boston Massacre was the killing of 5 colonist by British soldiers. It started when a crowd of colonist harassed British soldiers by throwing rocks covered in snow which angered the soldiers. Soldiers then fired into the crowd killing 5 Bostonian's. This left the colonist in disbelief leading Paul Revere to create a fictitious account of the situation.This account also lead to Parliament repealing the Townsend acts but leaving their relationship strained. -
Boston Tea Party
The Boston Tea Party was a political rebellion in result of the tax on tea by the British Parliament. It began when drunk Bostonian's, also known as the Sons of Liberty, dressed up as Indians, boarded 3 ship on the Boston Harbor and threw 340 tea chest overboard. As a result, Britain shut down the Boston Harbor until all the tea was paid for which was enforced under the Intolerable acts. This was the 1st significant act against the British and became one of the events leading up to the Rev. War. -
Olive Branch Petition
The Second Continental Congress adopted the Olive Branch Petition in a last attempt to avoid war. It appealed to King George III and expressed hope for peace between Britain and the colonists.The belief of peace ended after King George refused to even accept the Olive Branch Petition.This lead for more people to support the revolution for independence.The support increased when Thomas Paine wrote the book Common Sense which attacked the monarchy, argued for independence, a democratic republic. -
Article of Confederation
The Articles of Confederation was the first constitution ratified by the new nation, The United States of America. The A.O.C. created a loose central government providing states to have and abide by their own government. This caused Congress to not get anything done because they had no central government authority. The A.O.C. was all in all a good idea but didn't represent the U.S as a strong nation on its own. It would eventually be replaced by the Constitution which was a needed change. -
Period: to
The Constitution
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American Virtue
American Virtue was meant for everyday people to shift away from the British system and revert back to virtuous state of ancient Rome. It also suggested liberty, unalienable rights and expected citizens to be independent for civil duties. They celebrated the ideas of Republicanism and promoted democracy. They embraced the idea of educating children at a young age which is how the modern day school system came about. They also embraced teaching and educating all of their citizens. -
Shay's Rebellion
Shay's Rebellion was the rebellion of rural farmers against local enforcers of tax collectors and debt. It started when the government took away farmers land due to rising debt. Farmers then fired back with riots and protests which sent a sense of urgency to the white house, once realizing The Articles of Confederation had no power to contain them.This was the first test of the new nation. The rebellion would soon be put down in 1787 but in so realizing the A.O.C needed many changes. -
Legislature
The three branches of the government consist of the Executive, Judiciary and Legislature. The Legislature branch is made up of two houses the Senate and the House of Representatives.The main job of the Legislature is to make the laws. There are 100 senators and 2 are elected from each state and serve six years. There are 435 representatives in the House of Representatives and the number each state gets is based on the states population. The representatives only serve two year terms. -
Northwest Ordinance
The Northwest Ordinance was adopted by the Second Continental Congress and became the policy for admitting new states into the country while also establishing a government for the Northwest territories. It was suggested that 3 to 5 states be made from the Northwest territories and each would have an appointed governor and council.It also provided public education and civil liberties in the new territories, but slavery was not allowed. It also promised to treat the new states the same as the old. -
Connecticut Plan
The Connecticut Plan, also known as The Great Compromise, was a compromise between the New Jersey Plan and the Virginia Plan. The Virginia Plan was meant for bigger states and the New Jersey plan was meant for smaller states. The Virginia Plan wanted a President and the New Jersey Plan fought for the Legislature being the supreme law of the land. The Great Compromise brought together these ideas by creating the modern day Congress, Bicameral Legislature, House of Representatives, and a Senate. -
The Federalist Papers
The Federalist Papers were a book consisting of 85 letters written by John Jay, Alexander Hamilton and James Madison who desired ratification of the Constitution.It went into dept about how the Constitution was the best choice.They argued how this system would preserve the Union and give power to the federal government to act on the states threatening to leave the Union.Since Madison and Hamilton were members of the Constitutional Convention the papers are still used by the Supreme Court today. -
Election of 1788
The election of 1788 was the first presidential election of the United States under the new Constitution and using the electoral college. The election consisted of running mates George Washington and John Adams. Washington won the election after being precised as a God-like figure for his leadership against the British and became the people's choice. Adams was then named Vice President for earning second place. This election was also the first to present an executive cabinet. -
Period: to
the New Republic
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Capitol Site
The nations capitol was unsettled but originally stationed in New York City from 1785 to 1790 during George Washington's first presidential term. It was then changed to Philadelphia for his second term where it would remain for 12 more years. The site of the current capitol was apart of a compromise of Hamilton Bank of America which was based in Philadelphia. In exchange the District of Columbia became the capitol.The Residence Act of 1790 officially moved the nations capitol to Washington D.C. -
Bank of the United States
The Bank of the United States was established by Alexander Hamilton who believed that the rich were the key to the future of the U.S. The bank was put in place mainly because of debt the nation and states accommodated from the Revolutionary War. Since every state had their own form of currency the central bank stabilized the currency and help with the economy. Although, the bank was profitable and well managed it was claimed to have limited economic growth and wasn't renewed in 1811. -
Bill of Rights
After the Declaration of Independence the United States looked to persuade right for states and its citizens. The Bill of Rights was put in place as a compromise between federalists and anti-federalists. Its purpose is to protect human rights and liberties not mentioned in the Constitution. It contains the first 10 amendments ratified by the country. The Bill of Rights was introduced by James Madison who is also the author of the Constitution. -
Whiskey Rebellion
The Whiskey Rebellion began with the government placing a tax on Whiskey. The tax was placed to help with the debt that the country had accommodated from the Revolutionary War. Whiskey was also economically important at the time which angered many Pennsylvania and Kentucky farmers causing them to revolt and threaten to attack Pittsburgh with 6000 men. In response to this Washington threatened to lead the army out under his command. This was the 1st test of the new constitution -
Pickney's Treaty
Pickney's Treaty was a border agreement between America and Spain created by Thomas Pickney. The Southern part of the Mississippi River reached into Spanish territory and blocked trade with the U.S. whose territory extended to the Mississippi River.The Spanish also held forts and posts on the river and refused to give them up.They negotiating soon after Jay's Treaty.Territorial disputes with Florida were solved and Spanish left posts and gave American ships free navigation along the Mississippi. -
Washington's Farewell Address
Washington left the presidency after serving 2 terms. His farewell address has been recognized for embodying his core beliefs and what he decided would help strengthen the nation in years to come. He stated that he wanted the U.S. to avoid conflicts between other countries and to remain neutral in the on coming wars. He also pointed out to avoid permanent alliances which goes back to his first proposition, to remain neutral. His last wish was to not engage in political parties -
Election of 1800
The election of 1800 was between Thomas Jefferson and John Adams. This was the last election before the 12th amendment required separate ballots for VP and President. Both parties attacked each other and believed that the other would ruin the nation.This caused for the Federalists party to disappear. Adams was seen as weak and there for lost the race. But Jefferson ties with Aaron Burr and Hamilton convinces the House of Representatives to vote for Jefferson because he was the lesser of 2 evils. -
Period: to
The Age of Jefferson
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Louisiana Purchase
The Louisiana Purchase was bought by Tomas Jefferson in 1803 from France for $15 million. The land was so cheap because Napoleon was desperate erase or decrease the debt from the war with Britain. Jefferson goes against his political views when buying this because to purchase the land he would need a strong central government, but in doing so he doubled the size of America. He believed in a nation of farmers, so to get people to move west he sold the land for 3 cents an acre. -
Sacajawea
Sacajawea was a Native American women who was apart of the Shoshone tribe. She was the only women among 32 male members and was responsible for helping translate during the Lewis and Clark expedition. Though, her husband, Toussaint Charbonneau, was an official member of the expedition party Sacajawea wasn't. She was only allowed to follow along because Lewis and Lark believed that she showed peaceful intentions. Years later she gave birth to a daughter but died later on due to serious illness. -
Lewis and Clark
President Jefferson sent explorers Lewis and Clark to explore the new territory of the Louisiana Purchase. The trip lasted 3 years, reaching the Pacific Ocean. Lewis was the head of exploration and was Jefferson's Secretary at the time. Clark was an army officer who had map making experience. While traveling they encountered Native Americans and expressed how Jefferson valued them and how their land would not be taken away, which would not remain true. They brought back new plants and animals. -
Hamilton vs. Burr
Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr had a long and hateful rivalry steaming from the election of 1800 where Hamilton convinced the House of Representative to vote for Jefferson to break the tie. Due to this Hamilton and Burr decided to face off in a duel which had been illegal for years. During the duel Hamilton didn't believe that Burr would risk his career and shoot him so Hamilton pointed his gun in the sky and shot. Burr then pointed his gun and shot Hamilton which killed him the next day. -
Embargo Act of 1807
The Embargo Act of 1807 prevented all american ships from trading at foreign seaports.This was put in place because America decided to remain neutral in the war between France and Britain, but this didn't work.France passed an act stating that trade was banned between neutral countries and Britain. The British responded by banning trade between neutral parties and France.The British soon started seizing American ships and taking men.The government viewed this as impressment and passed this act. -
Cotton Gin
The Cotton Gin was created by Eli Whitney in 1794. His invention revolutionized the was cotton was produced speeding up the process of removing seeds. Originally a slave could remove seeds in up to 1 pound of cotton a day, but with the cotton gin it increased over 50 times as much. Before the invention the need for slavery was declining tremendously. After the invention the need for slaves increased due to cotton picking becoming more efficient which lead to cotton becoming the leading export. -
Steamboat
The first working steamboat was invented by Robert Fulton in 1807. It was invented because steamboats were less work, faster and could travel farther than a paddle boat. The steamboat was used to carry supplies and passengers across water. It could transport tons of cargo and supplies at one time making it a cheap alternate to other ways of transportation. The steamboat is very large and has lots of moving gears and parts. It also became one of the 1st automatic things produced by the U.S. -
Period: to
Early American Industrial Revolution
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Panic of 1819
The Panic of 1819 is known as the worst depressions in American history sending the economy into a tailspin. After the War of 1819 economic expansion ended leaving agriculture and manufacturing prices to collapse leaving people unemployed and being kicked out of their homes. The Second Bank of the United States was formed, but raised large speculation because of the high prices people weren't able to pay.The bank soon failed afterwards. The well being of the the country didn't return until 1824. -
Adams Onis Treaty
The Adams Onis Treaty was a treaty between America and Spain which added Florida to the Unites States and set the boundary between the U.S. and Mexico.The U.S. wanted Florida from Spain so Andrew Jackson attacked and captured Florida Seminoles and forts.The Spanish were also unwilling to make further investments into it land in the new world and they were losing their empire in the Americas.This forced Spain to negotiate a deal. Florida was sold for 5 million dollars and settled border issues. -
Temperance movement
The Temperance movement was a social movement to decrease the consumption of alcohol. This was the countries first serious movement against alcohol that grew out of a fever for reform in which some states went to extreme an banned the beverage. The country was at its highest rate of alcohol consumption of all time which increased crime and abuse against women. Women were an active activist against alcohol because when their husband would drink they would abuse them. The movement ended in 1851. -
Period: to
Cultural changes
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Period: to
Age of Jackson
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Election of 1824
In the election of 1824 no candidate out of John Adams, Andrew Jackson, William Crawford and Henry Clay received the majority amount of electoral college votes. The decision was then hand to the House of Representatives to decide. Henry Clay and Adams were both republicans so Clay used his influence to convince the house to vote for Adams though, Jackson got won the popular vote which was the main factor in deciding. Jackson and his followers labeled this a corrupt bargain. -
Slums
The first slums in America came about due to the flock of people moving to industrialized cities in search of jobs. The slums consisted of houses built very close together with little room to function and trash on the streets and in various other places. They were mainly filled with immigrants from China, Italy and some free blacks. The slums became the center of poverty and crime due to so many people crowded in one place. They also created multiple family dwellings because of the cheap cost. -
Erie Canal
The Erie Canal was built in 1800 but didn't open until 1825. It is 3,000 miles long and connects the Eastern part of Lake Erie to the Hudson River and passes through Mountains in the Mohawk Valley. The Canal was all built from Irish workers by hand relying only themselves and hand tools. They were paid $10 a month and placed whisky tubs along the route. Once the canal opened there was an immediate serge of people into the area. Goods were transported at a tenth of the original fee. -
Presidency of John Adams
John Q. Adams faced much suspicion from Jackson Voters all of his presidency and accomplished very little in his presidency. He proposed the American system which enforced new taxes for federal funds, encouraged American industry and a National University. Adams was out of touch and made many dumb mistakes during his presidency because he believed he was about politics. He also looked to provide Native Americans land in the West, but this didn't pass over with Congress. -
Free Black Communities in the North
Free black communities were the largest in the North and Midwest parts of the country.Contrary to most belief blacks were never liked in the North, they were more racists.Due to population rise from slaves traveling to freedom, segregation became an active practice.Because of the discrimination and prejudice view blacks they couldn't get the same same jobs as a whole, so they were forced to compete for jobs with immigrants.This forced racial tensions between the 2 groups promoting race riots. -
Spoils system
The spoils system was a reward for people who supported Jackson during his campaign in becoming president. The system was first created for Jackson. For example, Martin Van Buren was named Secretary of state and John H. Eaton was named secretary of war because of the connections they had with the President. He did establish an official cabinet but only took advise form his loyalist and supporters who were referred to as the Kitchen Cabinet by the official cabinet members. -
Election of 1828
The election of 1828 is considered the 1st modern election which was very aggressive in which they made personal accusations towards each candidate. Jackson came into the campaign with a new strategy ready to win. He portrayed himself to have humble origins, used his strong military career as influence and democratic values. This election was only between Jackson and Adams and unlike the election of 1824 there where no major running mates. Jackson won the election by a landslide with 178 votes. -
Death of Jackson's wife
Jackson and Rachel had a loving relationship despite the rumors among Jackson's political rivals. During his 1st election the Adams campaign accused him of marrying Rachel while she was still married to another man.Although this is true, she believed the marriage had been resolved, but it hadn't making their marriage invalid. She died soon after Jackson started his campaign. He was devastated and claimed that the political allegations killed her and would never forgive his enemies for her death. -
Prisons
This is around the time right before modern day prisons started to form. Prisoners were isolated in their own cell and intervened with each other only one hour of the day. The most famous penitentiary was Eastern State Penitentiary. Penitentiaries would combine the general population of the prisons with the mentally ill population (caused overpopulation). This obviously was not a good idea and caused fights between prisoners. Because of this the mentally ill will get their own prison. -
Abolitionists
Talk about the end of slavery started around this time period. The American abolition movement began in the 1830's when the first American Anti-slavery Convention was held. Afterwards, anti-abolition riots started in cities around the country and some states went to the extreme and sent people to suppress abolition groups. Abolitionist also talked about gradualism which is the act of freeing slaves back to Africa. They also supported immediatism which was the immediate end to slavery. -
Period: to
Westward Expansion
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Mormons
Mormons celebrate the Church of Christ of Later Day Saints which was created by Joseph Smith.The Mormon religion was popular among farmers and traders because of industrialization. Industrialization was aimed towards factories which took many of their jobs, so they confided in the religion.Mormon communities were set up in West because anti-Mormon riots forced them to move. They were discriminated against because they practiced polygamy. Brigham young became the leader after Smith was murdered. -
Cemeteries
Modern day cemeteries were created in the 1830s. Before this America basically didn't have cemeteries.They were so unsanitary that floods could break open coffins (because they were pilled on top of each other) and spread yellow fever and cholera. The dead were buried in churchyards, town commons and municipal burial yards. With the growing population of many towns and the rising economy moving the dead out of the immediacy of the living to rural cemeteries was the last necessity of the country. -
Tariff of 1832
The Tariff of 1832 was a protective tax used to reduce the existing taxes, but since it was a compromise it didn't satisfy the need for the South, especially South Carolina. It was used to raise taxes on foreign goods imported to increase sales in American manufacturing in the North.This hurts the Southern Agriculture economy because of having to pay higher prices on goods they dint produce and hard for Britain to pay for cotton imported from the South. The leads up to the Nullification Crisis. -
Siege of Bexar (The Alamo)
During the Texas war for independence The Alamo is one of the most famous battles fought. A Texan volunteer soldier group lead by James Bowie, William Travis and Davy Crockett contained the Alamo, in present day San Antonio, when a Mexican army group lead by General Santa Anna forced their way into the fort and seized it. The Texan soldiers were outnumbered by the thousands, but held the fort for 13 days before Mexican soldiers invaded, Though, it was a loss it stood as a symbol of resistance. -
Battle of San Jacinto
During the Texas independence war (along the San Jacinto River) the Texas volunteer soldiers, under General Sam Houston, ordered a surprise attack against Mexican forces while their leader, General Santa Anna ordered them to take a break. The attack forced Mexican soldiers to retreat. Santa Anna dressed up as a soldiers to try and escape but was later captured. The battle lasted less than 20 minutes and in return for his freedom Texas had to be recognized as an independent country. -
Steel Plow
The steel plow was invented in 1837 by John Deere. When moving West many settlers found that the soil was harder than the soil in the East therefore, many wooden plows kept breaking. The steel plows purpose was to break up rough soil without the plow breaking or soil getting stuck to it. The original cost was roughly $10 to $12 dollars, but most steel plows today cost over $100 dollars. Over time Deere continued to improved his product and in the year 1849 he produced over 2,000 plows. -
Trail of Tears
The trail of tears started with President Jackson's hate for Native Americans. He believed that they were inferior to White Americans. Nearly 125,000 Natives lived on American acres across the U.S. The most known tribe to be removed for their lands were the Cherokee. Gold was found on their land which starts the Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia court case which they will eventually lose due to Jackson. Trail of Tears forced all Indians to be relocated to Oklahoma and 1,000's will die along the way. -
Shakers
The Shakers were a Millennialism religion who believed in the second return of Christ was coming for judgement day. They practiced a communistic society. They also believed in equality among sexes, rejected domesticity and they couldn't own private property. The Shakers are known for living a simplistic lifestyle with agricultural techniques and furniture. Shakers didn't believe in marriage and were required to remain celibate. This caused the religion to die out since they couldn't reproduce. -
Fur traders
Europeans powers controlled the fur trade until Americans took over by the 1820's. Beaver were the main attraction.They were hunted and made into fur hats, jackets and clothing, but mainly hats. It was huge and was their main profit for the Western frontier until the late 1840's. Beavers were almost going extinct because they were over hunted and trappers started declining. Due to manifest destiny fur bearing animals became scarce causing the fashion to change from fur to manufactured silk hats. -
Telegraph and Morse code
The telegraph was invented by Samuel Morris. The telegraph revolutionized short and long distance communication. It functioned by transmitted electrical signals through a wire and was received by a receiver on the opposite end. In addition to the telegraph, Samuel Morris created Morse code. Morse code was a variety of long or short signals of light or sound that translated into an alphabet. This code was used for multiple reasons but famously used for military communication during war. -
Election of 1844
The election 1844 consisted of Democrat James K. Polk and Whig Henry Clay.The main differences between the two were that Polk believed in annexing Texas and Clay was opposed to the idea. Polk won the election in a close race and with only three goals in mind to complete in office. The first was to annex Texas into the United States, the second was to settle the Oregon border and the third was to settle the Mexican border, but Texas was annexed before Polk was elected. -
Mormon Migration
Mormons were member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Everywhere they went they were harassed and forced to move from place to place. After their leader Brigham Young was convinced that Mormons would never find a place to stay in the U.S. him and his people packed their bags and crossed the Mississippi in freezing temperatures. They relocated to Salt Lake valley, Utah away from the federal government. Over the next few years almost 100,000 people were living there. -
Underground Railroad
The Underground Railroad was a society of people who helped slaves from the South escape into freedom in the North. The most famous leader was Harriet Tubman. She lead over 100,000 slaves to freedom from 1830 to 1860. The Railroad consisted of abolitionists hiding slaves in their houses and farms which were called "safe houses" or "stations". Because of this the Personal Liberty Laws were created by 9 Northern states that prohibited returning slaves. This polarized the country. -
Period: to
Sectionalism
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California Gold Rush
The discovery of gold was found in Sacramento Valley California in 1848. With the recent discovery thousands of people migrated to California in seek of the valuable goods. In 1849 14,000 people lived there and 100,000 in year's end. This amount doubled in 1852 with people who were looking to make it rich. Gold was typically easy to find until mining began in 1852. By 1854 45,000 Chinese migrated to find gold and work. The Chinese faced racism and worked in the worst mines with bad conditions. -
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
The treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the Mexican-American War which had begun almost two year earlier. The treaty settled the border dispute between Texas and Mexico. It also seized over half of Mexican territory forcing Mexico to give up all claims to Texas recognized the Rio Grande River as the American southern border. The 1 problem with the U.S. gaining over half of Mexican land was the problem of slavery. In adding Texas it unbalanced slavery in the North and South with Texas being so big. -
Seneca Falls Convention
The Seneca Falls Convention was the 1st ever women's rights convention in Seneca falls, NY. The leaders of the convention were Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretta Mott with 200 women in attendance on the 1st day. On the 2nd day men were allowed to attend which added to 300 people including Fredrick Douglas. The convention passed the Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions which called for women's rights. The convention was a staple for women's suffrage and a cornerstone for women's rights. -
Election of 1848
The candidates consisted of Democrat Lewis Cross, Whig Zachary Taylor and Free soil Party Martin Can Buren. Taylor will win easily. Taylor was a Mexican-American war general who owned slaves. He had pragmatic or middle ground views, but his views were mostly unknown. He campaigned in the South as pro-slavery and campaigned in the North for Wilmot-Proviso which proposed to ban slavery in territory received from Mexico in war. Buren wanted to keep slavery where it existed and southern influence. -
Compromise of 1850
The Compromise of 1850 resolved the decision over slavery in territories gained in the Mexican-American war.Henry Clay introduced a bill that let Cali. be free and stronger fugitive slave laws. President Zachary Taylor refused to sign it. Shortly after Taylor dies and the bill was passed and split into 5 separate bills. California will enter as a free state, New Mexico and Utah will decide on slavery by popular sovereignty, Texas releases disputed land in the West and Slave trade banned in D.C. -
Aunt Phillis's Cabin or Southern Life as we Know it
Aunt Phillis's Cabin was written in contrast and comparison to Uncle Tom's Cabin which showed how slavery was really like to Northerners. Aunt Phillis's Cabin was written by Mary Henderson Eastman an anti-abolitionist in 1852. It reads that slavery in the South was not as bad as Uncle Tom's Cabin made it seem. It states that slaves live in good conditions and slave owners treated them kindly and only disciplined when it was needed. It sold 20,000-30,000 copies becoming a bestseller. -
Uncle Tom's Cabin
Uncle Tom's Cabin was a book about slavery in the South written by abolitionist Harriet Beecher Stowe who was a teacher at Hartford Female Academy. Stowe interacted with fugitive slave in the Underground Railroad and later wrote the book in reaction to the Fugitive Slave Laws becoming more strict. Uncle Tom's Cabin sparked a reality for the North in which slaves were living in terrible conditions and the brutality that came along it. The bock is famously regarded as a cause of the Civil War. -
Bleeding Kansas
Bleeding Kansas is the period of violence in Kansas when the Missouri Compromise was replaced by the Kansas-Nebraska Act. Using popular sovereignty the residents couldn't decide whether to be a free or slave state. Pro and anti-slavery citizens came from all over the nation to try and influence the decision. Violence between the 2 groups soon erupted causing the government to separate into 2 making Congress debate the issue. 200 people will die making Kansas a territory until issue is resolved. -
Succession of Southern States
After the election of 1860 Southern states were upset over Abraham Lincoln becoming President.The 1st state to leave the Union was South Carolina who created the Ordinance of Succession.This stated that South Carolina had seceded from the Union. Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana and Texas will all leave 2 mounts later.Within the first 3 months of Lincoln's Presidency 7 states had left the Union creating the Confederate States of America. Jefferson Davis will become the President. -
North
The North was the main point of industrialization and migration for the country. They had a population of 22 million people which was more than double of the South's. Industrialization also played a huge part of war. They houses more than 110,000 factories making it a $1.5 billion industry. The North produced 97% of the weapons manufacturing for the Union.They also made 94% of clothing and 94% of boots and shoes Railroad were also a attraction with 22,000 miles of track. -
South
The South had many disadvantages over the North because their main source of income wasn't effective.Their population was 5.5 million people and 3.5 million slaves which was less than half of the North's. They also weren't as industrialized as the North with only a few industrialized cities They had a total of 18,000 factories and produced 3% of the weapons manufacturing which was a $155 million industry and railroads covered 9,000 miles. An advantage they did have was great military leadership. -
Women during in the war
Before the Civil War women had the typical roles of playing the housewife which was cooking, clean and caring for the kids. But once the war started it gave women turned their heads to new roles in traditional male dominate positions. Women took over teaching professions, nurses and civil services, such as social workers. In the South women managed stores, farms and plantations. Many of the jobs in these fields, such as nurses, teachers, etc are still mainly occupied by women to this day. -
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The Civil War
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1st Battle of Bull Run
The 1st Battle of Bull Run was the first major battle of the American Civil War. It took place near Mananas Junction, Virginia. The Union marched South to Confront Confederate forces on a river known as Bull Run. The Union consisted of 35,000 troops and the Confederate's consisted of 20,000. After the whole day Confederate troops were able to break through the Union making them retreat to D.C. This was a humiliating defeat for the Union and made them realize the war wouldn't be won so easily. -
Emancipation Proclamation
The Emancipation Proclamation was the speech Abraham Lincoln made that freed laves unless the rebellion ends by January 1, 1863. The speech lasted roughly 2 minutes and Lincoln though it was one of the worst speeches he had given because nobody clapped. The proclamation stopped Britain form joining the Confederates as an ally because it made the war about slavery which Britain had banned years before. The proclamation also allowed border states to keep their slaves because they didn't leave. -
Battle of Gettysburg
The Battle of Gettysburg is one of the most well known and important battles fought in the Civil War. This is the bloodiest battle and the turning point of the war. Robert E. Lee changes his strategy and goes offensive to invade Pennsylvania. It was a three day battle. The first day the Confederate army advances on the Union's position. On the second day both sides go at each other back and forth. The third day the Union army devastates the South forcing them to retreat losing 1/3 of his force. -
Lincoln's 19% Plan
After the Civil War Abraham Lincoln was looking for was for the U.S. to come back together. Lincoln proposed a reconstruction plan that stated 10% of the male population wold have to take loyalty oath and recognize slave as free. The plan also states that the South would have to apply for federal recognition and form a new state government that represents loyalty to the North and rest of the country. Several Congressmen thought Lincoln's plan was to lenient and then proposed the Wade Davis Bill. -
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Reconstruction
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Wade Davis Bill
The Wade Davis Bill was in place by Congress in response to Lincoln's 10% plan being to Lenient for the people of the South to reenter into the U.S. Once the Bill passed it stated that Confederate leaders were to be punish for the crimes committed against the Union and officers were stripped of their citizenship. Slave society in the South was to be destroyed in all forms and the people of the South had to take an oath declaring that they never aided the Confederate and were loyal to the union. -
Black codes
Under the lenient requirements of Andrew Johnson Black codes where passed by white southern which reestablished little rights for black people and made sure they were available as cheap labor now that slavery had been abolished. The back codes reenacted a variety of strict laws that limited civil rights and economic opportunity for African Americans. They had to sign contracts which made their workforce exploitable, outlawed interracial marriage and make it illegal for them to serve on juries. -
40 acres and mule
40 acres and mule was a promise by President Grant that ensured former slaves that they would have land once they were freed. Many former slaves were told by politicians they had the right to pwn their land after working on plantations. After the Civil War some planters abandoned land which was taken by union forces and allowed blacks to own or rent land to farm and entitled to a mule. They saw this as independence and freedom, but eventually this land would be given back to white owners. -
Freedman's Bureau
The Freedman's Bureau was established by Congress to help former slaves and and poor whites in the South after the Civil War. Slaves were granted their freedom after the war ended which destroyed the South's plantation-based economy. Freedman's Bureau provided food, housing, medical attention education and legal assistance. It attempted to settle former slaves on confiscated Confederate lands during the war but fell through due to limited funding and pressure from white southerners. -
Lincoln Assassination
President Abraham Lincoln was assassinated at Fords Theater In Washington D.C. while attending a play. He was shot and killed in the head only five days after the Civil War was ended at Appomattox Courthouse. He was killed by an actor who was in the play, John Wilkes Booth. Wilkes escaped in an ally but was caught 2 weeks after Lincoln was brought to a near by house across the street where he died the next day. The funeral attracted millions of people from across the country. -
The 13th Amendment
The 13th amendment in the U.S. Constitution officially ended slavery after the Civil War. The President Lincoln knew that the Proclamation Emancipation wouldn't hold up for long after the after Civil War ended, so the administration focused on passing an amendment to make it permanent. When the amendment was first attempted to be passed , the Senate passed it but the House of Rep. didn't in the name of states rights. Once Lincoln was elected on his 2nd term it passed with over the 2/3 majority. -
The Panic of 1873
The Panic of 1873 was the first global depression brought on by industrialized capitalism. This depression was unexpected due to the booming economy from industrialization which set the economy back until 1877. Unemployment was at an all time high at 14%. This made African American became less important because people started worrying about themselves. The first time in 100 years Democrats were voted into the White House in 1874. President Grant also reduced efforts in policing the South.
