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1349
The Black Death
The Black Death consisted of a fatal and contagious bubonic plague roaming around Europe throughout the years of 1347-1350. The fatal plague was the cause of the deaths of 20 million people, almost one-third of the continent’s population. This was a very sad time for Europe. -
Period: 1349 to 1540
Beginnings to Exploration
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1445
Printing Press
The printing press created a revolution in the production of books which made the development of religion, education, and arts much quicker . The printing press allowed the cost of printed materials to decrease. Instead of using wood blocks, metal block letters could be moved around to create new words and sentences making it is easy to make a mass amount of printed materials.On September 30, 1452, Johann Guttenberg's Bible was published becoming the first book to be published in a volume. -
1480
The renaissance
The renaissance was an era of rebirth of art, architecture, sculptures and writers which occurred around the years of 1350-1610. The renaissance was viewed as a bridge between the Middle ages and Modern era. The renaissance promoted the humanist method in study. Philosophers during the time had a desire to perfect their worldly knowledge. Artists at the time developed a highly realistic linear perspective. The renaissance was a good time for many people. -
1492
Columbian exchange
The meeting of the Old World with the New World started with the "Columbian Exchange". The columbian exchange consisted of the interchange of religion, plants,animals, and diseases between the both worlds. The exchange was both good and bad for both sides. Sadly, the Columbian Exchange took much more from the New World than it brought and wiped out most indigenous populations. Even though Europeans brought many useful items to the New World, the also brought diseases that they weren't immune to. -
Jun 7, 1494
Treaty of Tordesillas
Treaty of Tordesillas was an agreement settled between Spain and Portugal mainly to resolve conflict over lands newly discovered.Spain and Portugal divided the New World by drawing a line in the Atlantic Ocean. All lands West to the line was controlled by Spain, while all lands East was controlled by Portugal. The treaty did not include any future claims of European superpowers. Although Spain was left with less land, it benefited the most at the end. -
Oct 31, 1517
95 Theses
Martin Luther protested by posting a list of 95 points where he thought the Church had gone wrong and nailed it to the door of a Catholic Church, because he was upset over the selling of indulgences to forgive sin. His writings changed the religious beliefs and cultural history in the West. One of the central beliefs 95 Theses promoted was the belief that humans can reach salvation because of their faith not because of their deeds. These central beliefs sparked the Protestant reformation. -
1540
7 cities of Cibola
It was easy for Spanish officials to believe Friar de Niza’s story when he said he’d seen the Seven Cities Cibola. An expedition lead by Francisco Vasquez de Coronado started in which hundreds of soldiers and Native American guides searched two years for "treasure". Rumors of golden cities caused the Spanish to explore many areas of the Southwest. Once the areas were explored, settlers quickly followed.In the end, no cities of gold were found, and Coronado returned empty-handed and in debt. -
Tobacco
Jamestown colonists had died or suffered miserably as their farming efforts had been relatively unsuccessful, thankfully tobacco changed that.Tobacco played a big part in Virginia's early settlement success. John Rolfe Obtained the Tobacco seed in 1612.Tobacco production spread dominating the agriculture of the Chesapeake region. It became a source of money, called brown Gold.Tobacco was used to purchase indentured servant and slaves to cultivate it and to buy British goods. -
Period: to
English colonial societies
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The Headright System
In 1618, the headright system was introduced to solve the labor shortage.The headright system offered grants of land to those who sponsored an immigrant's voyage to the British colonies in America.Colonists already living in Virginia were granted 100 acres of land.New settlers who paid their own passage to Virginia were granted one headright. The headright system was implemented in all thirteen British colonies -
Mayflower compact
The Mayflower Compact, the first agreement for self-government to be created and enforced in America.The Mayflower Compact which was supposedly one of the forerunners of the Constitution was a document signed by 41 male Pilgrims on November 21, 1620. The males were aboard on a ship that had set sail from England to Virginia.Some members of the Pilgrims' immigrant group were Separatists, they split from the Church of England. The Pilgrims obtained permission from the King of England to settle -
Navigation Acts
The Navigation Acts were many Acts passed in the English Parliament. The colonies were producing a great deal of profit of trade. The motivation behind the Navigation Acts was to regulate colonial trade and not allow England to collect taxes in the colonies. They wanted to control trade as much as possible, they promoted Mercantilism. The navigation Act made sure that importation and exportation of goods from British Colonies were restricted to British ships which were controlled by the mariners -
Quakers
Quakers considered themselves as friends and believed they can have direct communication with God without a priest or a minister. Both Quaker men and women could speak up if they believed God wanted them to share a thought or an idea.Quakers believe that religion is action not words. The Quakers religion was not accepted in the old world, in fact many were sent to jail. They settled in Pennsylvania searching for religious freedom. -
Salem Witch Trials
The hysteria of the Salem witch trials began when a couple of girls in Salem, Massachusetts claimed to be possessed by the devil. The hysteria caused a series of persecutions in which more than 200 people were accused of practicing witchcraft.The witch trial brought great fear upon the Puritans. General Court later annulled guilty verdicts against accused witches and granted indemnities to their families. -
Act of Union
Two Acts of Parliament passed in 1707 in the England and Scottish Parliaments to make effective the Treaty of Union. In the Scottish case, the purpose was partly to recover from the financial problems caused by the failure of the Darien scheme. -
Triangular Trade
Triangular Trade had trade routes in the form of a triangle. The purpose of the triangular trade was to send and receive goods and the exchange of slaves. The three routes were England to Africa, Africa to the americas, and the Americas back to England. The Americas received good from Europe such as guns, cloth, beads. America also received slaves from West Africa . The triangle trade was the practice of Mercantilism. -
The Middle Passage
The middle passage one of the roots of The Triangular Trade in which millions of Africans were taken to the New World across the Atlantic.Slaves were most likely to die before arriving to the New World. Slaves were chained together in cramped areas with no food or water.Most slaves in the middle passage were exchanged for sugar,cotton,molasses,rum, and tobacco and used for plantation work. The cost to purchase an African slave in the New World was around $800 to $1200. -
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Colonial America to 1763
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The Great Awakening
The Great Awakening was a movement of religious revival and morality. It helped colonists break their religious traditions and find their own beliefs. The goal was for people to realize their right from wrong and turn their hearts to God. Famous preachers like Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield were very influential in The Great Awakening. -
The Enlightenment
The Enlightenment lasted from 1685- 1815, it sparked culture changes, people started to loose faith in traditional religion beliefs and started to believe in human rights,reason, and science methods. The Enlightenment was filled with philosophers and their great inventions, which advanced education, science,and modernism.The Enlightenment ideas influenced the Constitution of the United States and the Industrial Revolution, which have made a huge impact. -
Seven-Years War / French and Indian War
It all initiated when constant conflict rose because of France's expansion to the Ohio River Valley made Britain upset. The dispute eventually led to a battle where the British declared war against France that lasted seven years. Because France had less people than the British, they allied with the Indians. Once the British made peace with the Indians, France got weaker. The war resulted in France losing almost all of its American and Canadian territory to the British empire. -
Period: to
The Revolutionary War 1763 - 1783
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Treaty of Paris 1763
The Treaty of Paris ended the French and Indian War/Seven Years' War between France and The British. The treaty meant that Britain won all the American and Canadian lands of the French. Spain also had to give up Florida. The treaty marked the beginning of British dominance outside of Europe. -
Townshend Act
The Townshend Acts were a series of laws passed by the British government meant for the colonies to pay for the salaries of officials such as governors and judges. The British thought it was a good idea to place taxes on imports of paper,lead,glass, and tea. The Townshend Acts also allowed the british government to take away some freedoms from the colonists. The Townshend Acts made the colonists upset which eventually led them to the American Revolution. -
Boston Massacre
Colonists were already upset about all the taxation that British government had laid. One day an argument started between and British Private and a few colonists which escalated to a point where colonists started to throw stuff. The number of colonists and soldiers grew and one of the objects being thrown hit a soldier which knocked him out. An unknown shot fired into the crowd. After the shot was fired a few other soldiers fired into the crowd killing colonists. -
Boston Tea Party
The Boston Tea Party was led by Samuel Adams and the Sons of Liberty they planned to show the parliament how they felt about the the taxation on tea. They had to much to drink and disguised themselves as Indians and boarded the British ship docked in Boston Harbor and dumped the entire load of tea into the water. As a result the parliament passed laws designed to punish the Americans. -
1st Continental Congress
The 1st Continental Congress took place in Philedelphia 1774 where delegates from each of the colonies except for Georgia met up to discuss colonial refusal to Parliaments coercive acts. The colonies are against the coercive acts due to the fact that t took some of their freedom and it made them pay for taxes they didnt want to pay. They didnt want Great Britain to know they were meeting up. -
Common Sense
Thomas Paine wrote "Common Sense" at a time when colonists were upset with the British. Common Sense outlined the reasons why its was time for the colonies part company with The British and become independent. Common Sense changed the opinions of important colonists who have been hoping to resolve conflict with The British without going to war. -
Battle of Yorktown
The French ships defeated the British fleet which caused the British to leave the East Coast and go to Yorktown. At the same time George Washington was marching his army to Yorktown, which made the British outnumbered and surrounded by the french and colonists. For eleven days, American forces attacked the British which made Cornwallis raise up the white flag. Yorktown was very significant because it marked the beginning of freedom from the British. -
Period: to
The Constitution
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Articles of Confederation
The Articles of Confederation was the first written Constitution of the United States. The colonies figured that they needed some type of
written agreement to unite the thirteen colonies. The Articles made the states and legislature supreme. It allowed the Congress to raise an army, create laws, and print money.The was no executive branch and barely any judicial functions. Unfortunately, the Articles weakened the government. -
American Virtue
Jefferson thought openly about the virtues Americans would need to improve in order to preserve and have the ideal experiment in republican self-government. Additionally, as they celebrated ideals of republicanism by involving everyday citizens, like being educated ones. This meant that education was the key to success and that it best to persuade teaching and educating young people. -
Shays rebellion
Shays rebellion was a series of protest led by Daniel Shays that upset American farmers because of the enforcement of tax collections and debt. The problem became more serious in Massachusetts were bad harvests and economic depression put the farmers at risk of loosing their farms which gave them a better reason to rebel. There was around 4000 rebels. As a result The Riot Act was passed which meant that rebels could be arrested and sent to jail without a trial -
Northwest Ordinance
Northwest Ordinance was a law passed that allowed Congress to split Northwest Territory into smaller territories and create a way to govern them. The government also create a procedure in which states can be established in the territory and admitted to the Union. The Ordinance made space in each township for schools and did not allow slavery in the territories. The Northwest territory was located north of the Ohio River. -
Constitutional Convention
A Constitutional Convention was held in order for delegates of the 12 states discuss and write for 4 months the Constitution. The constitution was an updated version of the failed Articles of Confederation. Any delegate was allowed to voice an opinion and each state was given one vote. There was many compromises talked about like The Great Compromis, The 3/5 compromise, Compromise on the slave trade and commerce which were crucial to the success of the Constitutional Convention . -
The New Jersey Plan
The New Jersey Plan was introduced in the Constitutional Convention.This document emphasized that there was one option as to how the U.S. would be governed. It called for each state to have one vote in Congress instead of the number of votes being based on population. Also, the document was directed towards the small states, which stated a single legislature and that was the legislature supreme law of land. It was modified version of A.O.C Although it had a less powerful Judiciary. -
Virginia Plan
The Virginia plan was introduced in the constitutional convention and drafted by James Madison, the Virginia Plan proposed a strong central government composed of three branches: legislative, executive, and judicial. It presented a two house legislature, such as the lower house and upper house and was population based representation. This showed strong government authority when given and usually for populated states. This document abandoned the AOC. -
Election of 1788
The first election of american history, George Washington was everyone's choice and was vision as god-like figure to everyone. Because Washington served as a general and commander-in-chief of the colonial armies during the American Revolution. He was adored from everyone. His Vice President was John Adam since the job was given to the person who came in second place and also there was no running mates. -
Period: to
New Republic
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The Federalists
Federalists were the group of people identified as supporting a strong central government. In a federalist government, the power is divided between the national government. This means the power is divided between our federal government and our state and local governments. Additionally, Federalists felt that the Constitution was open for adding on. Also, they believed a living document changes with time, and had a loose interpretation. -
Bank of the United States
The Treasury Secretary, Alexander Hamilton, established the First Bank of the United States to handle massive revolutionary war debt and to create a form of currency. The First Bank was chartered for 20 years. Alexander wanted it to be a centralized institution which allowed the federalist to have more power by giving them the right to own 20% of the stock and have to seats on the board. -
The Bill of Rights
Written in Philadelphia, the Bill of Rights made of ten amendments guaranteed individual rights and liberties. Author James Madison proposed of this document and he initially argued that the Constitution itself sufficiently restricted the federal government. In addition, Anti-Federalists supported this document because individual rights were important, instead of Federalists supporting the Constitution believing that it is strong enough without the Bill of Rights -
The Whiskey Rebellion
The Whiskey Rebellion was was a tax protest constructed by Hamilton, in 1791 during President George Washington's term. Over the tax on farmers who make whiskey, which made them revolt, since whiskey economically important and earns great profits. About, six thousand Pennsylvania & Kentucky farmers threaten to attack Pittsburgh. Although, Washington leads army and this was the first major domestic test of the constitution. -
Second Great Awakening
The Second Great Awakening is known for the protestant religion revival that began in 1790. The religious revival was popular in the Northern and Midwestern states because many people in the United States stopped going to churches. As a result, many religions were encouraging religious revivals. These religious revivals were held by camps and social gatherings where people were to listen to the word of God. -
Period: to
Culture Changes
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Pinckneys Treaty
This document that established the southern boundary of the U.S., by which Spain recognized the 31st parallel as and permitted navigation of the Mississippi between Spain and the U.S. Overall, this treaty ended the dispute between the two countries over land settlement and access of the river. This helped the U.S. for favorable trade, and set boundaries with Florida. -
Kentucky Resolutions
Thomas Jefferson wrote the Kentucky resolutions in response to the alien and sedition acts. The Kentucky Resolutions talked about how the Sedition Act goes against the First Amendment right to free speech, how states have the right to say whether a law passed by the federal government is constitutional or not, and how the constitution gives certain power specifically to the federal government and if not the power remains to the states. -
Lewis and Clark Expedition
Thomas Jefferson asked Lewis to lead the expedition of exploring the wild west of America with the help of a mapmaker, Clark. Their expedition consisted of sailing up Missouri River in kneel boats. Also, they negotiated treaties with natives, informed traders, and settlers of U.S. acquisition. There they meet Sacagawea and she joins them, she is important in the expedition because she helps communicate with other tribes. They ride on their boats to receive information for three years. -
Period: to
The Age of Jefferson
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The Embargo Act of 1807
The Embargo Act was a non-violence response to the war between France and the British. The United States wanted to stop the restriction of trade that was happening because of the war. So Congress created a law that stopped all trade between America and any other country which eventually backfired. -
War of 1812
The War of 1812 was conflict armed by the United States and The British. It started when the British tried to restrict the U.S trade during the Napoleonic Wars. Many things like the British Navy's kidnapping of American men to be used for forced labor in war ships made the Americans upset. War was declared by President James Madison. The war resulted in a military stalemate. -
Panic of 1819
The Panic of 1819 was listed as one of of the worst depression in U.S history. It was a crisis in financial and economic conditions following the war of 1812. As the economy went into a tailspin. Banks throughout the country failed; mortgages were foreclosed, forcing people out of their homes and off their farms. Falling prices impaired agriculture and manufacturing, and widespread unemployment. -
Adams-Onis Treaty
The Adams Onis Treaty is named after the men who negotiated the agreement: John Quincy Adams and Don Luis de Onis. The Adams-Onis Treaty also know as the Florida Purchase Treaty, demonstrated that Spain cedes Florida to the United States and defined the boundary between the U.S. and New Spain. It proved vital to the nation's security, as the most important element of the treaty the boundary be extended to the Pacific. In addition, it recognizes U.S. claim to Louisiana. -
Missouri Compromise
The Missouri Compromise was a settlement which allowed Missouri to enter the Union as a free state. This became necessary because many Northerners opposed the admission of Missouri because the settlers of the proposed state were slaveholders. -
Monroe Doctrine
President James Monroe introduced the Monroe Doctrine which was a policy of the United States of opposing European colonialism in The Americas. It recognized that the Spanish Empire was crumbling and the U.S. wanted influence over these new areas. In addition, the United States would not tolerate further colonization or puppet monarchs. The whole concept was to declare to Europe no intervention in Latin America and to respect the Western Hemisphere as the United States' sphere of interest.. -
Period: to
The Age of Jackson
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Election of 1824
In 1824, all of the candidates were members of the Democratic-Republican Party: John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, William Crawford, and Henry Clay, yet there was no picked successor. Since no candidate had receive a majority of electoral votes, it was back to the House of Representatives. As Jackson wins popular vote, but not electoral college, which lead Jackson to be angry and bitter. But Adams was chosen to be president and this lead to corrupt bargain from Jackson -
Temperance Movement
The Temperance Movement happened in the 19th and 20th centuries and it consisted mostly women that wanted the moderation of alcohol consumption. These women pushed this movement because they have tolerated enough abuse from men uncontrollably drinking. The social movement began in Virginia and New York then spreading to eight more states. Temperance was also encouraged by promoting religion, as well as pushing the government to implement alcohol laws. -
Steam Boats
The Steamboat was a deep-draft vessel propelled by steam engines that drove paddle wheels or propellers, used for transportation by water. Becoming widely popular during the Industrial Revolution carrying cargo and people. The boats transported cargo like raw materials and finished goods over long distances. Theses steamboats would travel through water-ways, such as rivers and oceans -
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The Industrial Revolution
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Mormons
Joseph Smith, founder of the Mormon religion, organizes the Church of Christ during a meeting with a small group of believers.Mormons are a religious group that practice Mormonism which branched off the Latter-Day Saints Movement. Mormons are a part of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. The United States holds most of the Mormons in the world. -
Cotton Gin
Eli Whitney is the creator of an invention that led to the mass production of cotton. The Cotton Gin is the name given to the invention that revolutionized the cotton industry in South. This meant that the cotton gin made cotton production more profitable, increased the trade and the economy of the south. The machine separated the fibers of cotton from the seeds. One of the main reasons for the growth of slavery was the invention and fast widespread adoption of the Eli Whitney Cotton Gin. -
Steam Engine
The Steam Engine was very influential in the Industrial Revolution. It functioned by using hot steam as a source of power which helped factories, mines, locomotives, and steamboats function. Because Steam Engine was such a reliable source of energy which meant more factories were made and they could be located anywhere. -
Railroads
Railroads is a method of transportation by train; they increased mobility and speed across the continent. As well as confining as they held the power of economic success or failing over many communities. As they determined the pace of economic development of America in the 1800s. They transported raw materials and finished goods over land. The result was that factories flourished because of the demand for railroad parts and railroad tracks was very high, because of how successful they were. -
Nat Turner's Rebellion
Nathanial Turner was born into slavery and preached for the slaves, and he states that God has assigned him to lead the revolt against slavery. In Virginia, him and a group of slaves go to around and kill ever white person encountered. This continues for 36 hours as Turner was captured by a farmer, there he was tried, hanged, and skinned. This lead to be the largest slave rebellion in American History, and resulted in slave codes. In addition, this was seen as heroic to the Northern States. -
Election of 1832
Still part of the Democratic Party Andrew Jackson against Henry Clay who is part of the National Republicans and both were against William Wirt who was apart of the Anti-Masonic Party. As Wirt supported the wealthy people, Clay supported the National Bank and he supported a strong federal government in economic affairs, but Jackson did not. The main issue of the campaign was President Jackson’s veto of a bill to extend the charter of the U.S. Bank. -
Nullification Crisis
The Nullification crisis was a constitutional struggle between states and Andrew. As the congress raises import taxes, which affected mostly the South for their agriculture to make textiles. As mentioned, South Carolina was affected and the state adopted the ordinance to nullify the tariff acts and label them unconstitutional. But to solve this conflict Henry Clay helped broker a compromise bill with the newly resigned vice president John Calhoun that slowly lowered tariffs over the next decade. -
Jacksons Views
Jackson disliked the fact that U.S. bank controlled the economy and favored the wealthy. His veto was heavily criticized and opposed by fellow running mate Henry Clay. During the election, Clay hoped Jackson vetoes and he does, but Jackson decides to make Bank Veto Speech. He explains why he vetoed and he laid out the vision he had for American democracy. Importantly he appealed to common man, and states that courts were authority on constitution, which made him win. -
The American Anti-Slavery Society
The American Anti-Slavery Society (AASS) was a notable abolitionist group during the 19th century. It was run by Theodore Weld, Arthur Tappan, and Lewis Tappan whose main goal was to convince the people of America how inhumane slavery was and to make slavery illegal. They made petitions to the government to end slavery but the government refused. The AASS was made up of more than 150,000 members. -
Whig Party
Whig Party is a political party that formed from the death of the democratic-republican party. Members of the Whig Party believed in a strong federal government, tariff protection, a strong national bank. They always focused on strengthening the United States through the federal government. people like Henry Clay were very influential in the the Whig party. -
Sam Houston
Houston moved to Texas in 1832, and was an important figure in the growing conflict between American settlers and the Mexican government. He became the commander of the local army the settlers had formed. Houston and his army surprises Santa Anna in the Battle San Jacinto, which lasted 20 minutes and captured Santa Anna. This battle secured the independence of Texas. Later on, he became governor in 1859, but was removed from office after the secession of Texas in 1861. -
Transcendentalism
Transcendentalism is a philosophical way of thinking, it’s the idea that people equally have the knowledge of they see the world around them. People like Henry David Thoreau tried to put transcendentalism into practice. For two years Thoreau carried out the most famous experiment in self-reliance when he went to Walden Pond, built a hut, and tried to live self-sufficiently without the trappings or interference of society. -
Period: to
Westward Expansion
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Telegraph
The telegraph was the first reliable machine used for communicating. Samuel Morse developed a telegraph system using only one wire. People would send a message using Morse code. Somebody using a telegraph on the other end would write down the message and give it to the person receiving the message. This made it easier for people to talk to people far away and made it easier for people to move out West -
Panic of 1837
Changes in the banking system and the failure of the wheat crop caused a financial and economic crisis. President Martin Van Buren was blamed for the panic. Also the depression in Great Britain led to restrictive flow of money and credit to the United States. 343 put 850 banks closed. Foreclosure, bankruptcy, closing of factories, unemployment, bread riots were all effects of the Panic. -
Trail of Tears
The Trail of Tears is one of the darkest and most shameful events of American history .Gold was found on the Cherokees land, this made Jackson to force them to move West under the Indian Removal Act to where is now known as Oklahoma. In detail, about 16,000 Native Americans were marched over 1,200 miles of rugged land. Over nearly 4,000 of these Indians died of disease, famine, and warfare. This also included other tribes such as the Seminoles, Choctaws, Chickasaws, and Creeks. -
Abolitionist
Abolitionism was the movement to end the slave trade in Africa and India. The movement promotes freedom for slaves. The movement occurred in the 18th century. An abolitionist promoted abolitionism and they goal was to end slavery in the United States. They knew that slavery violated human rights and wanted to promote laws that made slavery illegal. -
Tenements
Another term for apartments; a building with separated rooms where different families lived but more rundown and often overcrowded. Tenements were built for the outcome of the Industrial Revolution, when the city's population reached more than 1 million people.Usually located in poor section of large cities, which these buildings were far from minimum standards of safety, sanitation, and comfort. These tenements were built when there were almost no laws regulating tenement construction. -
Manifest Destiny
Manifest Destiny was the idea that American expansion that the United States was a preordained path to expand from coast to coast. In addition, it was the Notion of U.S. being a continental nation from
Jacksonian Democracy for white future in west and belief in Native Americans extinction. Although, Mexico and Great Britain claimed the land and because they felt an expansive nation would be too large to govern. This also was a factor to the Mexican American War. -
Annexation of Texas
The Republic of Texas voluntarily asked to become a part of the United States, and the government of the United States agreed to annex the nation. The application of Texas Annexation and its admission to the Union was supported by the slave states of the south. However, the Missouri Compromise interfered if Texas will become a slave state. This resulted to war with Mexico in 1846. The victorious United States came away with control of the American Southwest and California. -
Underground Railroad
Slaves in the southern states felt the need to escape to reach freedom in the North. Therefore a secret organization formed to help slaves by providing escape routes, safe houses, money, food, and clothes. The Underground Railroad was started by Abolitionists who consisted of white people, freed slaves and fugitives. Events like Nat Turner's rebellion led to the underground railroad. Penalties were severe for the people who helped the slaves escape.The underground railroad ended when slavery did -
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Sectionalism
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Mormon Migration
Mormons are a religious group that emphasized moderation, saving, and hard work. The Mormons were persecuted due to Josephs visions and so, they migrated west along the Oregon Trail. They settled near the Great Salt Lake, which is now Utah. Brigham Young, United States religious leader of the Mormon Church after the assassination of Joseph Smith. Led the Mormon Migration to Utah. -
Mexican American War
Unresolved border disputes between Texas and Mexico influenced Mexican troops to open fire at the Americans. Leading to the United States (Polk) declaring war on Mexico. Battles the U.S. won included, Battle of Vera Cruz and the Battle of Mexico City which was the victory that ended the war. In addition, the Americans' desire for California and other Mexican territories. Yet, by the war's end in 1848, Mexico had lost nearly half its territory. -
Wilmot Proviso
The Wilmot Proviso was an amendment stating that slavery should be banned in territories acquired from Mexico. David Wilmot was the one who proposed the amendment that opened the issue of slavery to public debate and national politics. Wilmot Proviso was a response to Polk's request to congress for 2 million dollars to help him negotiate peace with Mexico. Some think that Wilmot Proviso was the put to voice the anti-slavery views of the North. -
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
The Treaty declared the Mexican American War was over and stated 525,000 square miles to United States territory in exchange for 15 million dollars. The treaty mentioned that mexico had no claims of the land that makes up all or parts of present-day Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah and Wyoming. It settled border dispute, however problems to come over slavery. Because of the treaty Manifest Destiny was complete. -
California Gold Rush
Gold was discovered by James W. Marshall in California with attracted many forty-niners. By 1852, mining began which was an easier way to find gold, which supported industries and gave many jobs. As well as, Chinese people started to migrate to California, yet they had very the dangerous left over jobs and faced racism. However, The California Gold Rush was the largest mass migration in American history. -
Seneca Falls Convention
The Seneca Falls Convention was the first women’s right convention which was held in Seneca Falls, New York in the 19th century. The convention was held by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton and about 200 women attended the convention. The purpose of the convention was to discuss social, civil, political, and religious rights of women. This was the time Elizabeth Stanton read the “Declaration of Sentiments and Grievances.” The treatise included the injustices women had to face in America. -
California Statehood
Many settlers came from the east and started to rebel against the Mexican Rule. After the Mexican American War California was admitted to the Union.Once gold was found population increased immensely.Even after the gold rush ended, people continued to migrate west to California. Also, slavery was now at the forefront; as people decided if California should be a slave state or free. As well as, Popular Will; senate equally divided between slave and free between California & New Mexico. -
Compromise of 1850
The Compromise of 1850 was introduced by Henry Clay, which was a series of bills in an attempt to seek a compromise and avoid a crisis between North and South. The 5 separate bills included, California enters as a free state, New Mexico & Utah to decide on slavery, Texas relinquishes disputed western lands. Also, federal government took over Texas debt, and slave trade banned in Washington D.C. Also introduced the Fugitive Slave Act, which required the return of runaway slaves. -
Uncle Tom's Cabin
American Abolitionist Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin, a highly effective story containing powerful anti-slavery sentiments. Uncle Tom's Cabin was used as a anti-slavery propaganda used by abolitionist movement. Uncle Toms Cabin convinced the people of the North that its time for slavery to end by changing their opinions over political, economic arguments over slavery. The writings influenced the start of the American civil war. -
Kansas-Nebraska Act
The Kansas-Nebraska Act allowed people in Kansas and Nebraska to decide for themselves whether or not to allow slavery within their borders. However, Southerners were afraid of 2 new free states and wanted to abolish the Missouri Compromise. Also, the South wanted transcontinental railroad to run through their territory instead of the North. The Act will pass and Kansas will become a slave state, but Nebraska will become free. -
The North
During Sectionalism the North heads in the industrialization civilization and based on manufacturing. Steam engines is a huge factor to make or transport necessities, and Railroads which is also a major factor. Railroads allowed farmers to get food to markets at a faster rate. Immigrants will provide cheap labor by producing textiles for the people of the North with the cotton grown in the South. -
The South- Civil War
The Southern states were worried that as the United States expanded, they would gain less power.South Carolina acted first, calling for a convention to secede from the Union then followed by 7 other states. During the Civil War the south population was 5.5 million people. Not as industrialized as the north, but the South had about 18,000 factories. The South's military leadership was highly skilled. The Confederacy wanted to preserve slavery, states' rights, and political liberty for whites. -
Battle of Gettysburg
The Battle of Gettysburg was the turning point of the Civil War. It was a battle fought between the Confederacy and the Union, which was the most important and bloodiest battle in the war. Robert E. Lee heads North to invade and converges in the town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. However, the Union wins and as a result people favor the Union rather than the Confederacy. As well as, General Lee will retreat back to south losing 1/3 of his force. -
Emancipation Proclamation
Abraham Lincoln introduced Emancipation Proclamation as a war measure during the civil war freeing the salves in those territories that still rebel against the Union. Only about 50,000 of the 4 million slaves were immediately set free.The Emancipation Proclamation had some limitations but it gave an idea that millions of slaves would eventually be set free. The Emancipation also allowed for Black men to fight in the Union Army, which helped the Union win the Civil War. -
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The Civil War
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Women in Work
The Civil war gave women new roles in traditional males dominated positions, instead of staying home and doing chores. Also, women across the South took on new roles to support their families and the Confederacy. They took up jobs such as, managing stores, farms and plantations. In addition, in both regions women will take over teaching professions, take civil service jobs. Also, Clara Barton will start the American Red Cross to help wounded soldiers on both sides and give women nursing jobs. -
Ulysses S. Grant
Grant commanded the Union during the American Civil war and served as the 18th president of the U.S. He was entrusted with command of all U.S. armies in 1864, and pursued the enemy during the Civil War. He also seized the Confederate strongholds & railroads, and gave Union control over most of Tennessee & Kentucky.His greatest moment of glory was when famous Confederate General Robert E Lee surrendered to him but his greatest victory is when he lead the Union into victory after the Civil War. -
Robert E. Lee
Robert E. Lee is the famous general of the confederacy. During the Peninsular Campaign, General Robert E. Lee becomes leader of the Army of Northern Virginia, also Lee defeats the Union at the Second Battle of Bull Run, which leads him to become leader for the Confederate Army for the rest of the war. He commanded Confederate troops in famous battles of Antietam, Gettysburg, Appomattox, Chancellorsville, Fredericksburg and Cold Harbor. However, the Confederacy surrendered to the Union in 1865. -
Appomattox Court House
The Union army marched through the state of Virginia pushing back the confederate forces. Robert E. Lee and the Confederate Army abandoned the capital of Richmond and retreated. However, the Union Army soon cut off their retreat and they were forced to stop at Appomattox, Virginia. The Confederates realized they had no choice but to surrender.Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union General Ulysses S. Grant. This meant the start of the end of the American Civil War. -
13th Amendment
The 13th amendment of the Bill of Rights, which states " Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime. shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction." Lincoln and his fellow Republicans was aware that the Emancipation Proclamation could be viewed as a temporary war measure and not outlaw slavery once the Civil War ended, so they focused on passing a constitutional amendment that would do so. -
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Reconstruction
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Black Codes
The Black Codes were many statutes and laws passed by he legislatures of the Southern States following the Civil War that restricted the freedom of ex-slaves. The purpose of black codes was to regain control over the freed slaves and prevent black uprisings. After the slaves were freed the southern state government had to be in charge of the Ex-slaves. Many things were restricted from the ex-slaves like permission to travel, segregation, employment, permission to farm, bearing arms, and voting. -
Jom Crow
The name and the character was so famous, Jim Crow refers to the racial ranking that defined American life through a set of laws and practices which operated primarily in the South. Increased after the Civil War, most southern states and border states passed laws that denied blacks basic human rights. During the Jim Crow period they segregated water fountains, restricted public facilities, schools, right to vote. -
Election of 1868
In 1868 was the first presidential election during Reconstruction. Republican, Civil War general Ulysses S. Grant ran against Democratic, former New York Governor Horatio Seymour for president of the U.S. After Johnson had been impeached by Congress. At 43 years old, Grant won in the electoral college but became the president with the help of being a War Hero. -
KKK
The Ku Klux Klan is a secret society resisted the freedom and equal rights of Blacks, mostly popular in southern states. The KKK dedicated itself to an reserved campaign of violence against both races Republican leaders and voters in an effort to reverse the policies of Radical Reconstruction and restore white supremacy in the South. Though Congress passed legislation designed to avoid Klan terrorism, the organization saw its primary goal to achieve and through Democratic victories in the South. -
Panic of 1873
The Panic of 1873 was a financial crisis that lead America into a depression from the years of 1873 to 1879. Following the Civil War, the U.S. experienced a period of economic growth that was unmatched in its brief history. The results of the Panic, weakened the Republican Party, and Democrats regained the House of Representatives in 1874, and the subsequent economic depression helped bring Reconstruction era to an end. -
The compromise of 1877
The Compromise of 1877 resolved the dispute in 1876 presidential election between Samuel Tilden (D) and Rutherford B. Hayes (R). The democrats agreed that Hayes can become president in exchange for the withdrawal of federal troops from the South and the granting of home rule in the South. In result, Hayes withdrew of federal troops from Louisiana and South Carolina, effectively ending the Reconstruction Era and issuing in the system of Jim Crow.
