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Bessemer Process
Bessemer process, the first method discovered for mass-producing steel. It is the method for making steel by blasting compressed air through molten iron to burn out excess carbon and impurities. The Bessemer Process lowered the cost of production steel, leading to steel being widely substituted for cast iron. It made Andrew Carnegie the monopoly that he became -
Department Stores
(the date is the beginning of Macy's) Department stores made a dramatic appearance in the middle of the 19th century, and permanently reshaped shopping habits, permanently reshaped shopping habits, and the definition of service and luxury. -
William Tweed
Widely known as "Boss Tweed" Tweed became a powerful figure in Tammany Hall–New York City's Democratic political machine.Boss Tweed served time for forgery and larceny and other charges but in 1875 escaped from prison and traveled to Cuba and Spain. Most notable for being the "boss" of Tammany Hall, the Democratic Party political machine that played a major role in the politics of 19th century New York City and State. -
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Transforming The West
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Homestead Act
The Homestead Act was established to encourage western settlement. It offered 160 acres to landless farmers, "former" slaves and single women. They had 5 years to improve the land around them which was the only deal they had to uphold. After the end of the civil war, it turned vast amounts of public domain to private citizens. -
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Becoming an Industrial Power
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Tenements
Tenements were first built to house the waves of immigrants that arrived in the United States during the 1840s and 1850s, and they represented the primary form of urban working-class housing until the New Deal. They are apartment houses that barely meet or fail to meet the minimum standards of safety, sanitation, and comfort. -
Promontory Point Utah
Two railroad unions built at each ends of the United States - Union Pacific (built west) and Central Pacific (built east). They both met at Promontory Point Utah in May 1869 -
YMCA (Young Men's Christian Association)
Young Men's Christian Association, a spiritual organization meant to provide healthy activities for young workers in the cities. They consisted of various libraries, kitchens, exercise, and housing. Founded by merchant philanthropist, William E. Dodge, Jr.; J. P. Morgan; and a young immigrant, Robert Ross McBurney, -
Battle of Little Big Horn
Led by general George Custer as an act of "heroism", The battle was between U.S forces and combined Native forces. General Custer's big mistake was he underestimated the size of the native force and his regiment was completely wiped out. Media played Custer off as a hero and undermined his error. -
George Armstrong Custer
George Custer was a U.S Army Officer and Calvary Commander in the Civil War and Indian Wars. Though his role in the civil war was minimal but effective, he is known for the Battle of Little Big Horn or "Custer's Last Stand", where underestimates the size of native forces and tries to engage in battle as an act of heroism. His army is decimated but is portrayed as a hero in the media. -
Period: to
The Gilded Age
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Cornelius Vanderbilt
Cornelius Vanderbilt was a self-made multi-millionaire who became one of the wealthiest Americans of the 19th century. In his early years, he was poor and he was first a captain on a ferry boat. He capitalized on the steamboat business and eventually moved to the railroad business where he worked his way to the top and bought out competition in order to control the whole market. He was a philanthropists as to not forget his humble beginnings -
Laissez Faire
It is the concept the government would let the market and economy fix itself if they just left it alone. This concept was primarily used in the gilded age and prominent in Herbert Hoover's Presidency which started the Great Depression and was one of the worst economic depression of American history -
Exodusters
It was the name given to African Americans who migrated west, it derives from the word "exodus" as they felt they were on a journey of freedom. Over 20,00 former African-American slaves moved west after the Civil War hoping for a new life and new freedoms. This was the first migration of African Americans after the Civil War. -
Invention of the Light Bulb
The first real incandescent bulb was done and researched by Thomas Edison. They first focused on improving the filament of the bulb. Edison produced their first bulb that lasted 14.5 hours but within a few years of research they eventually produced a bulb lasting 1,200 hours. a year after mass production and distribution began and changed modern lives -
Chinese Exclusion Act
The Chinese Exclusion Act banned the further immigration of Chinese/Asian immigrants to the U.S. This was in response to the demands of white workers wanting to maintain "racial purity" in the western working force. The act was intended to be in effect for 10 years and declared the Chinese not eligible for naturalization. -
Pendleton Act
After the assassination of President James A. Garfield by a disgruntled job seeker, congress passes the Pendleton Act that had Federal Government jobs to be offered on the basis of merit and any position in government be required to take an exam. it stopped the appointment of people to governmental offices merely because of their political affiliation or their connection to the president. -
Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show
Started by William F. Cody either wise known as "Buffalo Bill" was the start of Western Romanticism. In Omaha, Nebraska launched an outdoor entertainment center which included depictions of frontier men, sharpshooters, and Indians. It started what we know as the wild west scene and how movies and pop culture views the "wild west" today. -
Great Upheaval of 1886
Under the leadership of Terence V. Powderly, the Knights of Labor experienced tremendous growth from 1879-1886, ultimately reaching 700,000 members. The Knights, however, did not attract much attention until the period of labor unrest in 1885-1886, often termed "the Great Upheaval of 1886" by labor historians. -
Haymarket Riot
Haymarket Square riot, outbreak of violence in Chicago on May 4, 1886. Demands for an eight-hour working day became increasingly widespread among American laborers in the 1880s. A demonstration, largely staged by a small group of anarchists, caused a crowd of some 1,500 people to gather at Haymarket Square. -
Coca Cola
Coca Cola, was invented by John Pemberton, a pharmacist, when day he was curious enough to mix ingredients together and led to a distinctive taste. It was originally sold as a medicine but brought out by businessman Asa Griggs Chandler and was mass marketed and became the widely popular soft drink in the 20th century. -
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
Congress passed this law to prohibit monopolies which had grown rapidly. It was named after the senator John Sherman. It was passed by the U.S Congress in Washington, D.C. It was passed by John Sherman because it was to stop monopoly businesses. -
Period: to
Imperialism
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Wounded Knee
The Wounded Knee Massacre was the result of the discharge of a tribesmans rifle during a ghost dance ceremony where U.S amry members began to shoot at the Native americans. The Lakota tribe who wre primarily disarmed tried their best to fight back but ended in mass casulaties of men, women and children estimated to be 300 members. The innocent casualties are now a deep regret in american history -
Depression of 1893
The Depression of 1893 was an economic depression which was greatly caused by the overextended railroad industry. The repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act was another main cause and due to the state of the economy, it caused a domino effect of people going to their banks and withdrawing money, otherwise known as bank runs. -
World Columbian Exposition of 1893
The World’s Columbian Exposition of 1893 was the first world’s fair held in Chicago.The fair built awareness among visitors that Chicago was taking its place as the “second city” after New York. It celebrated Christopher Columbus's finding of the new world on its 400th Anniversary. -
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Progressive Era
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Klondike Gold Rush
The Discovery of Gold in the Klondike Region of Yukon in north-western Canada in a tributary of the Klondike River led to one of the biggest gold rushes in history. An estimated 100,000 prospectors migrated to the area in hopes of finding gold. It led to the establishment of Dawson city and the Yukon Territory. -
Rough Riders
The nickname of a volunteer group of cavalry led by Colonel Theodore Roosevelt in the Spanish-American War. They were famous for a victorious charge at the Battle of San Juan Hill in Cuba. The Rough Riders were the main contributors to the decisive victory for the United States in the Spanish-American War. Roosevelt resigned his position as Assistant Secretary of the Navy in May 1898 to join the volunteer cavalry. -
Yellow Journalism
Newspaper stories that are not necessarily true to make the stories seem more appealing to the public. Used to increase paper circulation prior to the Spanish-American war by exaggerating misdeeds of Spain prior to the war. William Randolph Hearst was a leading newspaper publisher in America. He created the world's largest newspaper and magazine business, also competed with Pulitzer using yellow journalism. -
Spanish-American War
The Spanish American War was primairly caused by the thought of Spain sinking the battleship Maine and Yellow Journalism propelled the story and exaggerated the story enough to influence president McKinley to declare war. The war began in February 15, 1898 and ended on December 10, 1898 as a United States victory. The victory allowed the United Stated to acquire Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines in the war and gained temporary control over Cuba. -
Battle of San Juan Hill
The Battle of San Juan Hill, also known as the battle for the San Juan Heights, was a decisive battle of the Spanish–American War. It was the combined forces of the Cuban-American Army which comprised of Teddy Roosevelt's Rough Riders that greatly outnumbered the Spanish Army. The battle was a literal uphill battle which ended in a slaughter for the greatly outnumbered Spanish forces. -
Political Machine
A political machine is a political group in which an authoritative boss or small group commands the support of a corps of supporters and businesses, who receive rewards for their efforts. The machine's power based on the ability of the workers to get out the vote for their candidates on election day. These elements, although, common to most political parties and organization, they were essential to political machines who relied on hierarchy and rewards for political power. -
Booker T. Washington
Born in 1856, Booker T. Washington was a former slave and a prominent black intellectual around 1900. Washington wanted black economic equality through vocational work. In 1881, he founded the Tuskegee Institute to train African-Americans in agriculture and industry and to promote their economic justice with whites. He urged blacks to accept discrimination for the time being as economic justice would allow equal rights later on. He clashed with other black leaders over the topic of equality. -
The Wizard of Oz
The Wonderful wizards of Oz is a American Children's Novel depicting Dorothy, the main character, to be sucked in a tornado and ending up in a unknown place and must find her way home. She is led to follow a yellow bricked road where she meets several characters such as the Lion, Tinman, and Scarecrow to meet the Wicked Witch of the West. There is sayings that the underlying message is related to the Big Business and a response to the current economic situation in the United States. -
William McKinley
William McKinley served as the 25th president of the United States. He was sworn in on March 4, 1847 until his assassination six months into his second Presidential Term, September 1901. McKinley led the nation to victory in the Spanish–American War, raised protective tariffs to promote American industry, and maintained the nation on the gold standard in a rejection of inflationary proposals. -
Platt Amendment
This amendment gave the US the right to take over the Island of Cuba if that country entered into a treaty or debt that might place its freedom in danger. This amendment also gave the U.S. the right to put a naval base in Cuba to protect it and the US holdings in the Caribbean. This amendment was resented very much by the Cubans. -
Theodore Roosevelt
After the assassination of President McKinley, Theodore Roosevelt was instantly made the 26th President in 1901. He is famously known for his progressive and reforming politics and his previous positions of being the head of the navy and the leader of the American group ,Rough Riders, made famous of the battle of San Juan Hill. His "Big Stick" allowed America to be dominant in the Western Hemisphere and prevented any foreign affairs form happening. -
Boxer Rebellion
Also know as the Boxer Uprising, the Boxer Rebellion was an uprising in Northern China against the spread of Western and Japanese influence there. This rebellion was led by a Chinese organization called the Society of the Righteous and Harmonious Fists. Foreigners everywhere in China were attacked and the rebellion was secretly funded by the Chinese Government. This resulted in the US ensuring that Chine wouldn't be taken over and China was fined $333 million for supporting the rebels. -
Henry Ford
Born in July of 1863, Henry Ford was an engineer who built his first horseless, gasoline powered carriage in his shed. In 1903, he founded the Ford Motor company and created what is now known as the assembly line to make the process of building vehicles faster and more effective. In 1908, Ford was able to release the Model T, a high demand vehicle that was practical and meant to be affordable for the common man. He was a very influential figure in the industrial world until his death in 1947. -
Russo-Japanese War
The Russo-Japanese War started on February 8, 1904. It started when Japan launched a surprise naval attack against Port Arthur, which was a Russian naval base in China. During this war, Japan gained many victories against Russia, who underestimated their power. This caused Russia to be embarrassed and Japan to become cocky. In August of 1905, United States President Teddy Roosevelt resoled a peace treaty between the two nations and the war came to an end on September 5, 1905. -
Pure Food and Drug Act
The Pure Food and Drug act banned/prevented the distribution and production of tampered, mishandled, contaminated, food products, drugs and medicines. The vital reason behind the Act being passed was a book written by one Muckraker of the name Upton Sinclair. He wrote a book called The Jungle,documenting the dirty conditions of rat-infested meat factories. Due to Sinclair's work, the Meat Inspection Act was signed into law on the same day as the Pure Food and Drug Act. -
W.E.B DuBois
Born in 1868, W.E.B DuBois was a civil rights activist and like Booker T. Washington, a prominent black individual. However, he was the opposite of Booker T. Washington with their different views on African-American rights. While Washington wanted economic equality, DuBois wanted immediate civil rights. He wanted African-Americans to have professional occupations, such as politicians and teachers. In 1909, he co-founded the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. -
William Henry Taft
William Henry Taft is the 27th President and chosen successor to Theodore Roosevelt. He served a term from 1909 to 1913 and he became chief justice of the supreme court. From 1921 to 1930, William Howard Taft became the only man in history to hold the highest post in both the executive and judicial branches of the U.S. government. From early in his career, Taft aspired to a seat on the U.S. Supreme Court. -
Mexican Revolution
The Mexican Revolution radically transforming Mexican culture and government. Although recent research has focused on local and regional aspects of the Revolution, it was a "genuinely national revolution". Its outbreak in 1910 resulted from the failure of the 35-year-long regime of Porfirio Díaz to find a managed solution to the presidential succession. This meant there was a political crisis among competing elites and the opportunity for agrarian insurrection. Wealthy landowner Francisco I. -
Angel Island
Known as the Angel Island Immigration Station, Angel Island the principal facility for immigration in the U.S. from 1910-1940. It is considered to be the Ellis Island of the West Coast. It is located in San Francisco Bay, California and is where thousands of Chinese immigrate after the earthquake in San Francisco, 1906. Many birth records were lost, which the Chinese took advantage of, so Angel Island was opened in attempt to help identify immigrants. In 1924, Congress banned Asian immigration. -
Election of 1912
The election was between Democratic: Woodrow Wilson, Republican: William H. Taft and New Progressive Party or other wise known as the "Bull-Moose Party" Theodore Roosevelt. The name Bull Moose derives form a saying Teddy once said he feels like a "Bull Moose" The election saw the favor of the democratic party and Woodrow Wilson won. The main problem was that since Teddy formed a new party he divided up the republican vote as some of the party went to side with him and leading to a democrat win -
Federal Reserve Act
Established in December 1913. It is the act that created the federal reserve system, the central banking system of the united states, which was signed into law by Woodrow Wilson. it regulated banking to help smaller banks stay in business. It created 12 district banks that would lend money at discount rates -
Trench Warfare
Trench Warfare was a type of combat in which opposing troops fight from trenches facing each other. In winter, trenches flooded, and sometimes froze. As a result of wet conditions and poor hygiene, some soldiers suffered from "trench foot". Front line soldiers could be expected to advance across no man's land towards the enemy frontline trenches, in the face of shelling, machine gun fire and barbed wire defenses. Often times, battles would end in stalemates. -
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World War 1
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Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, and his wife Sophie, Duchess of Hohenburg, were gunned by Serbian nationalist in their car as their car had made a wrong turn and was stuck in a dead end. That is when the gunman took his chance of killing the heir to the throne. This caused the Central Powers, including Germany and Austria-Hungary, and Serbia's allies to declare war on each other, starting World War I. -
Panama Canal
A waterway that President Roosevelt ordered to be built across the Isthmus of Panama in order to connect the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean and allow ships to pass through. Roosevelt hoped that the canal would promote trade. The entire waterway is around 77 Kilometers. Theodore Roosevelt had to persuade Panama to side with the United States in order to be allowed to build this waterway. Theodore supported their revolution against Columbia. -
Great Migration
The Great Migration was the movement of 6 million African-Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and West that occurred between 1916 and 1970. Until 1910, more than 90 percent of the African-American population lived in the American South. These movement was greatly caused due to newly implemented Jim Crow laws. -
Zimmerman Telegram
Authur Zimmerman was a German foreign secretary and a message calling on Mexico to join in a coming war against the US and promising to help it recover territory lost in the Mexican War of 1846-1848. This was recovered by British spies and made public. President Wilson went before Congress to ask for a declaration of war against Germany. Thus, propelling the U.S into World War I -
Mustard Gas
It was a vesicant that was introduced by Germany in July 1917 prior to the Third Battle of Ypres. The Germans marked their shells yellow for mustard gas and green for chlorine and phosgene; hence they called the new gas Yellow Cross. Mustard gas was used to lethal effect during World War I, and early gas masks offered little protection. Mustard gas, or sulfur mustard is a chemical agent that causes severe burning of the skin, eyes and respiratory tract. -
Vladamir Lenin
Born Vladimir Ilich Ulanov in 1870, Lenin was the founder of the Russian Communist Party, leader of the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution, and the architect, builder, and first head of the Soviet Union. In 1917, a tired, hungry and war-weary Russia deposed the Tsars. Lenin sensed a path of power and denounced the monarchy and proposed a Provisional Government. Lenin called for a Soviet government, one that would be ruled directly by soldiers, peasants and workers. -
Russian Revolution
The Russian Revolution was a pair of revolutions in Russia in 1917 which dismantled the Tsarist autocracy and led to the rise of the Soviet Union. The Russian Empire collapsed with the abdication of Emperor Nicholas II and the old regime was replaced by a provisional government during the first revolution of February 1917. In the second revolution that October, the Provisional Government was toppled and all power was given to the soviets. -
Shell Shock
In WWI, the psychological distress of soldiers was attributed to concussions caused by the impact of shells; this impact was believed to disrupt the brain and cause “shell shock. It was assumed that soldiers who experienced these symptoms were cowardly and weak. Treatment was brief, consisting only of a few days of comfort, with the “firm expectation that the soldier return to duty” -
Espionage Act
Federal law passed shortly after entrance into WWI, made it a crime for a person to mail or print information that inspired dissent against the American war effort or promoted its enemies. This included the forms of speech, including "any disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language about the form of government of the United States." -
Treaty of Versailles
The Treaty of Versailles was the most important of the peace treaties that brought World War I to an end. The Treaty ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed on 28 June 1919 in Versailles, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. The other Central Powers on the German side of World War I signed separate treaties. It took six months of Allied negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference to conclude the peace treaty. -
Temperance Movement
The temperance movement began in the early 19th century (around the 1820's). Before this, although there were pieces published against drunkenness and excess, total abstinence from alcohol was very rarely advocated or practiced. Because of these concerns, many people became involved in reform movements during the early 1800's. One of the more prominent was the temperance movement. Temperance advocates encouraged their fellow Americans to reduce the amount of alcohol that they consumed. -
Radio
Radio broadcasting began in the 1920s or started becoming more available to the public mass. The public was overcome by a radio craze after the initial broadcast. Radio became a product of the mass market. Manufacturers were overwhelmed by the demand for receivers, as customers stood in line to complete order forms for radios after dealers had sold out. They began broadcasting things like popular music, classical music, sporting events, lectures, fictional stories, newscasts, weather, etc. -
Ku Klux Klan
The Ku Klux Klan commonly called the KKK or simply the Klan, is three distinct movements in the United States that have advocated extremist reactionary positions such as white supremacy, white nationalism, anti-immigration and—especially in later iterations—Nordicism, anti-Catholicism and antisemitism. Historically, the KKK used terrorism—both physical assault and murder—against groups or individuals whom they opposed. -
Marcus Garvey
Marcus Mosiah Garvey Jr. ONH was a proponent of Black nationalism in Jamaica and especially the United States. He was a leader of a mass movement called Pan-Africanism and he founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL). -
First Red Scare
First Red Scare. The First Red Scare was a period during the early 20th-century history of the United States marked by a widespread fear of Bolshevism and anarchism, due to real and imagined events; real events included those such as the Russian Revolution and anarchist bombings. -
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1920's
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18th Amendment
The 18th Amendment effectively prohibited the distribution of Alcoholic beverages and declared the distribution, sale, transportation of alcohol illegal. Of course, this did not stop the consumption of alcohol and if anything started a phenomenon in the young adults which started secret pubs and also allowed women to participate in this social drinking. -
American Civil Liberties Union
In the years following World War I, America was gripped by the fear that the Communist Revolution that had taken place in Russia would spread to the United States. As is often the case when fear outweighs rational debate, civil liberties paid the price. In November 1919 and January 1920, in what notoriously became known as the “Palmer Raids,” Attorney General Mitchell Palmer began rounding up and deporting so-called radicals. -
19th Amendment
It granted America women the right to vote, which is known as Women's Suffrage. Once it was ratified, it ended the protest that lasted almost a century, with the movement beginning in 1848 at the Seneca Falls Convention. Activists such as Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, raised awareness to their right to women voting and rights. -
Teapot Dome Scandal
The Teapot Dome Scandal was a bribery incident that took place in the United States from 1921 to 1922, during the administration of President Warren G. Harding. Secretary of the Interior Albert Bacon Fall had leased Navy petroleum reserves at Teapot Dome in Wyoming and two other locations in California to private oil companies at low rates without competitive bidding. In 1922 and 1923, the leases became the subject of a sensational investigation by Senator Thomas J. Walsh. -
John Scopes
A high school biology teacher who was indicted for teaching evolution in the "Monkey Trial" of 1925; defended by nationally known attorneys; clash between theology and biology proved inconclusive; found guilty and fined $100; Tennessee supreme court set fine aside on a technicality -
William Jennings Bryan
He joined the prosecution against John Scopes in the "Monkey Trial" of 1925; took the stand as an expert on the Bible, he was made to appear foolish by criminal lawyer Clarence Darrow; five days after trial, he died of a stroke, probably from heat and stress -
Al Capone
A grasping and murderous booze distributor; known as "Scarface"; from Chicago; in 1925, he began six years of gang warfare that netted him millions of blood-splattered dollars; branded "Public Enemy Number One"; could not be convicted of the cold-blooded massacre, on St. Valentine's Day in 1929, of seven disarmed members of a rival gang; after serving most of an eleven year sentence in a federal penitentiary for income-tax evasion -
Herbert Hoover
Herbert Clark Hoover was an American engineer, businessman and politician who served as the 31st president of the United States from 1929 to 1933 during the Great Depression.A Republican,as Secretary of Commerce in the 1920s he introduced Progressive Era themes of efficiency in the business community and provided government support for standardization, efficiency and international trade. As president from 1929 to 1933, his domestic programs were overshadowed by the onset of the Great Depression -
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The Great Depression
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Wall Street Crash of 1929
The Wall Street Crash of 1929 was the greatest stock market crash in the history of the United States. It happened in the New York Stock Exchange on Tuesday October 29, 1929, now known as Black Tuesday. The crash started the Great Depression and stock prices did not reach the same level until late 1954 -
Dust Bowl
The Dust Bowl refers to the drought-stricken Southern Plains region of the United States, which suffered severe dust storms during a dry period in the 1930's. As high winds and choking dust swept the region from Texas to Nebraska, people and livestock were killed and crops failed across the entire region. The Dust Bowl intensified the crushing economic impacts of the Great Depression and drove many farming families on a desperate migration in search of work and better living conditions. -
Election of 1932
The United States presidential election of 1932 was the thirty-seventh quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 8, 1932. The election took place against the backdrop of the Great Depression. Incumbent Republican President Herbert Hoover was defeated in a landslide by Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt, the Governor of New York. The election marked the effective end of the Fourth Party System, which had been dominated by Republicans. -
National Industry Recovery Act
A New Deal legislation that focused on the employment of the unemployed and the regulation of unfair business ethics. The NIRA pumped cash into the economy to stimulate the job market and created codes that businesses were to follow to maintain the ideal of fair competition and created the NRA. *Its the NRA before the NRA -
Eleanor Roosevelt
Anna Eleanor Roosevelt was an American politician, diplomat and activist. She was the longest-serving First Lady of the United States, having held the post from March 1933 to April 1945 during her husband President Franklin D. Roosevelt's four terms in office, and served as United States Delegate to the United Nations General Assembly from 1945 to 1952. President Harry S. Truman later called her the "First Lady of the World" in tribute to her human rights achievements. -
The New Deal
A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression. It was programs to combat economic depression enacted a number of social insurance measures and used government spending to stimulate the economy; increased power of the state and the state's intervention in U.S. social and economic life. -
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) reduced poverty/unemployment, helped young men and families; young men go to rural camps for 6 months to do construction work; $1/day; intended to help youth escape cities; concerned with soil erosion, state/national parks, telephone/power lines; 40 hr weeks -
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
Franklin Delano Roosevelt, often referred to by his initials FDR, was an American statesman and political leader who served as the 32nd President of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945. A Democrat, who was a central figure in world events during the mid-20th century. Roosevelt directed the United States federal government during most of the Great Depression, implementing his New Deal domestic agenda in response to the worst economic crisis in U.S. history. -
21st Amendment
The 21st Amendment repealed the 18th Amenedment meaning the distribution, production, consumption and sale was made legal again. Everyone can get drunk and wasted. After the repeal of the 18th Amendment, some states continued Prohibition by maintaining statewide temperance laws. -
American Indian Citizenship Act
Congress granted citizenship to all Native Americans born in the U.S. but even after the Indian Citizenship Act, some Native Americans weren't allowed to vote because the right to vote was governed by state law. Until 1957, some states kept Native Americans from voting. -
Jane Adams
Jane Addams, known as the "mother" of social work, was a pioneer American settlement activist/reformer, social worker, public philosopher, sociologist, protestor, author, and leader in women's suffrage.Jane Addams co-founded one of the first settlements in the United States, the Hull House in Chicago, Illinois, in 1889. She won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 -
John Rockefeller
John Davidson Rockefeller was a American oil tycoon who took over the oil industry and making him to be considered one of the most richest Americans in history. He was also a philanthropist and would donate quite a bit. He opened his oil refinery in Cleveland and by 1882 he monopolized the entire oil market. -
Joseph Stalin
Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition. Under Stalin, the Soviet Union was transformed from a peasant society into an industrial and military superpower. However, he ruled by terror, and millions of his own citizens died during his brutal reign. Born into poverty, Stalin became involved in revolutionary politics, as well as criminal activities, as a young man. -
Period: to
World War II
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Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) was the founder and leader of the Nazi Party and the most influential voice in the organization, implementation and execution of the Holocaust, the systematic extermination and ethnic cleansing of six million European Jews and millions of other non-aryans. He illustrated his ideas and plan all in his book he write in prison "Mein Kompf" -
Blitzkrieg
Blitzkrieg or other wise known as "lightning war"; It involved using fast-moving airplanes and tanks, followed by massive infantry forces, to take the enemy by surprise. Designed to create disorganization among enemy forces through the use of mobile forces and locally concentrated firepower. The Blitzkrieg was used throughout the western front. -
Winston Churchill
Soldier, politician and finally prime minister, Winston Churchill was one of Britain's greatest 20th-century heroes. He is particularly remembered for his indomitable spirit while leading Great Britain to victory in World War II. He was famous for his inspiring speeches, and for his refusal to give in, even when things were going badly. -
Battle of France
Germans trapped over 400,000 British and French soldiers, French surrendered after Italy entered the war on the side of Germany. May 1940 - Hitler began having a powerful effect, to react emotionally to a situation having a powerful wide scope through the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg.. This was the second German Invasion on France and is also referred to as the Capture of France. -
The Battle of Britain
France fell and Great Britain had to fight alone. Hitler's plan was to invade with planes then send over 250,000 German military on shore. German planes attacked airfields then aircraft factories and finally cities. Air forces (RAF) used radar developed in late 1930's. Enigma machine helped British decode what German messages said. The Battle of Britain ended in May 10, 1941 when Germany stopped attacking England and turned to the Mediterranean and Eastern Europe. -
Operation Barbarossa
3 German army groups invade Soviet Union. They reach as far as 30 miles from Moscow but ultimately the fierce resistance and the Soviet winter defeat the Germans and force them to retreat. Barbarossa was the crucial turning point in World War II, for its failure forced Nazi Germany to fight a two-front war against a coalition possessing immensely superior resources. The Germans had serious deficiencies. -
Pearl Harbor
An attack by Japanese aircraft targeting the naval base at Pearl Harbor. Dragged America into World War 2.The Japanese attack had several major aims. First, it intended to destroy important American fleet units, thereby preventing the Pacific Fleet from interfering with Japanese conquest of the Dutch East Indies and Malaya and to enable Japan to conquer Southeast Asia without interference. War was inevitable, Japan's only chance was the element of surprise and to destroy America's navy ASAP. -
Normandy (D-Day)
he Allies invade Normandy on 5 different beaches with paratroopers flanking the German forces. By midnight June 6, 160 000 troops were on Normandy beaches and there were at least 1200 causalities on the Allies and between 4000 to 9000 German causalities. -
Atomic Bomb (Japan)
President Harry S. Truman, warned by some of his advisers that any attempt to invade Japan would result in horrific American casualties, ordered that the new weapon be used to bring the war to a speedy end. On August 6, 1945, the American bomber Enola Gay dropped a five-ton bomb over the Japanese city of Hiroshima. Some believe the Aug. 15, 1945, declaration was the result of the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
