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Birth
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Sensorimotor Stage (Piaget)
Children develop object permanence and stranger anxiety. Children experience the world through senses and actions (looking, hearing, touching, mouthing, and grasping). -
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Trust v. Mistrust (Erik Erikson's Stages)
(Infancy to 1 years) Needs must be dependably met for infants to develop a sense of basic trust. -
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Preconventional Morality (Kohlberg's Moral Stages)
From birth to age 9, children's morality focuses on self-interest: they obey rules to either avoid punishment or to gain concrete rewards. -
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Temperament Styles
Temperament is genetically influenced and is a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity
Infant temperaments include:
Easy temperament- cheerful, relaxed, predictable in feeding and sleeping.
difficult temperament- irritable, intense, and unpredictable
slow-to-warm-up- resist or withdraw from new people and situations -
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Attachment Styles
Secure Attachment: about 60% of infants show this attachment, They play comfortably while in their mother's presence, and explore new environments. However, when their mother leaves them, they are distressed, but when she returns they are soothed and seek contact with her. Insecure Attachment: Infants are less likely to explore their enviornments when their mother is present, when their mother leaves they cry loudly and remain upset or are indifferent to her absence and return. -
(2 months) Raise head to 45 degrees
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(2.8 months) Roll over
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(4 months) Sit with support
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(5.5 months) Sit without support
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(7.6 Months) Pull self to sitting position
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(9.2 Months) Walk holding on to furniture
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(10 months) Creep
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(11.5 Months) Stand alone
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(12.1 Months) Walk
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Autonomy vs. shame and doubt (Erik Erikson's Stages)
(Toddlerhood, 1-3 years) Toddlers either learn to exercise their will and do things for themselves, or they begin to doubt their abilities -
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Preoperational Stage (Piaget)
Children develop through pretend play, represeting things with words and images, and they use intuitive rather than logical reasoning. Children also develop egocentrism. -
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Initiative vs. guilt (Erik Erikson's Stages)
(Preschool, 3-6 years) Preschoolers either learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans or they feel guilty about their efforts to be independent. -
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Industry vs. Inferiority (Erik Erikson's Stages)
(Elementary School, 6 years-puberty) Children either learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks, or they feel inferior. -
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Concrete Operational (Piaget)
Children develop the skills of conservation and mathematical transformations. They begin to think logically about concrete events, and they grasp concrete analogies and perform arithmetical operations. -
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Conventional Morality (Kohlberg's Moral Stages)
By early adolescence, people's morality focuses on caring for others and on upholding laws and social rules, simply because they are the laws and social rules. -
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Formal Operational (Piaget)
Humans develop abstract logic and abstract reasoning. They also develop the potential for mature moral reasoning. -
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Identity vs. role confusion (Erik Erikson's Stages)
(Adolescence, teen years-20s) Teenagers either work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and then integrating them to form a single identity, or they become confused about who they are. -
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Puberty
Puberty is the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing. Puberty usually begins for girls around age 11, and begins for boys around age 13. During puberty both genders develop primary and secondary sex characteristics, experience their first menarche or spermarche, and their frontal lobes continue to develop. Puberty usually finishes for girls in their late teens, while for boys it usually finishes in their early twenties. -
First Menarche (Girls)
The average age of the first menarche in girls is 12.43 years. -
First Spermarche (Boys)
Average age of first spermarche for males is 12-13 years of age. -
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Postconventional Morality (Kohlberg's Moral Stages)
With the abstract reasoning of formal operational thought, people may reach a third moral level. In this level, actions are judged "right" because they flow from people's rights or from self-defined, basic ethical principles. -
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Intimacy vs. isolation (Erik Erikson's Stages)
(Young Adulthood, 20s-early 40s) Young adults either struggle to form close relationships and to gain the capacity for intimate love, or they feel socially isolated. -
First Child Born
Average age to have a first child is 26 years old for women. -
Marriage (Women)
Average marriage age for women is 26.9 years. -
Marriage (Men)
The average age of marriage for men is 29.8 -
Midlife Transition
Average age for midlife transition is around 40 years of age. A midlife transition describes a stage in a person's life where they feel discontentment or boredom with their life or their lifestyle (including people and things) that has typically provided them with fulfillment for a long time. -
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Generativity vs. Stagnation (Erik Erikson's Stages)
(Middle adulthood, 40s-60s) In middle age, people either discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family or work, or they may feel a lack of purpose. -
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Changes in Sensory Abilities
Sensory abilities begin to decline in middle adulthood but we don't tend to notice it until later in life. Visual sharpness diminishes, distance perception and adaptation to changes in light level are less acute, muscle strength, reaction time, and stamina diminish as well as vision, sense of smell, and hearing. The eye's pupil shrinks and the lens becomes transparent, reducing the amount of light that reaches the retina, making it harder to see and you require more light in order to see. -
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Cognitive Changes in Adulthood (Part One)
During adulthood, prospective memory (Remembering to do something) remains strong when we experience events that trigger these memories, However, time-based tasks (like remembering to go somewhere at 3:00 pm) are more difficult, and the hardest of all memory tasks for the elderly involves Habitual tasks (such as remembering to take medication every day). Older people are more likely to remember meaningful events as opposed to non-meaningful ones. -
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Cognitive Changes in Adulthood (Part Two)
As you age, crystallized intelligence (accumulated knowledge and verbal skills) stays the same while fluid intelligence (ability to reason speedily and abstractly) declines. Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease involve the destruction or reduction of brain cells and deterioration of neurons, which eventually leads to memory loss, loss of thinking, loss of emotion, disorientation, incontinence, and mental vacancy. This is caused by plaque obstructing neuron branches. -
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Middle Adulthood to Late Adulthood
During middle and late adulthood, physical decline gradually accelerates, and women experience menopause and become less fertile. However, men do not experience a decrease in fertility, and both genders still experience sexual desire until around the age of 75. Telomeres begin to wear down and the body is unable to produce perfect genetic replicas of cells. Fluid intelligence begins to decrease, but crystallized intelligence stays the same. The immune system weakens & sensory abilities decline. -
Menopause (Women)
Average age of menopause (the cessation of menstruation and ovulation) in women is 51 years of age. -
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Integrity vs. despair (Erik Erikson's Stages)
(Late adulthood, late 60s and up) Reflecting on his or her life, an older adult will either feel a sense of satisfaction or a sense of failure. -
Death
Average life expectancy for women: 81.2 years
Average life expectancy for men: 76.4 years