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Period: Nov 20, 1450 to
Culture
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Nov 3, 1500
First Occupants
Forms of cultural expression are essentially the expression of ideas. They are influenced by spirituality, social relationships, respect for nature, and communications and exchange. -
Nov 12, 1500
Animism
Animism:
-Belief that the spirits of all objects were immortal, and existed outside of the bodies housing them.
-It was the religion held before the arrival of the Europeans. -
Nov 16, 1500
Shamanism
Shamanism:
-an intermediary between humans and spirits.
-It was as well another one of there beliefs before the arrival of the Europeans. -
French Regime
-Church= huge influence on the people whether they were right or not
-French canadians were extremely independent, they lived in outside regions and didn’t really have that many authorities on them.
Absolutism in the Colony:
-Absolute power of the king: King Louis the 14th
-King Louis the 14th decided to implement Royal Government in 1663
-Royal gouv runs the colony
-made up of: Intendant, governor, bishop
-The governor had the power to veto anything. -
Influence of Catholicism
Catholicism:
-The influence of Catholicism on culture was very powerful. You required to do what the church wanted or you were excommunicated (Kicked out of the catholic church).
- Girls had a choice, either go get married or become a nun. -
Influence of Catholicism Part 2
The Clergy was everywhere:
-Priests in charge of parishes
-Priests working as missionaries
-Nuns working in hospitals (religious influence in medical)
-Nuns working in schools
Money to make all this happen came from the church tax called the tithe. (Dime) -
British Rule Part 2
3 types of government function:
Executive: Makes decisions about administration, power held by cabinet.
Legislative: Makes or amends laws, and imposes taxes. Power held by the House of Commons
Judicial: Ensures laws are applied, Judges are appointed by the cabinet for life. -
British Rule
Influenced by currents of thought like liberalism, ultramontanism, anticlericalism and imperialism.
How the Government Functions:
-Constitutional Monarchy: Queen & Governor General have only symbolic power
-Parliamentary Democracy: Laws must be passed through the parliament, whose members are elected
-Three levels of Government: Federal (Canada), Provincial (provinces), Municipal (cities). -
Imperialism
Imperialism: ideology that advocates the political, cultural, economic and/or military dominated exerted by the Mother Country on the colony.
Example: the English Canadians were imperialists therefore they believed in Great Britain exerting its control over the colony.
-Opposite of Nationalism
Timespan: 1760-1867 -
Liberalism
Liberalism: a political or social philosophy advocating the freedom of the individual, parliamentary systems of government, nonviolent modification of political, social, or economic institutions to assure unrestricted development in all spheres of human endeavor, and governmental guarantees of individual rights and civil liberties.
Basically: A political ideology based on individuals having equal fundamental rights, including protection from the abuse of the monarch’s power.
Time: 1760-1840 -
Nationalism
Nationalism: devotion to one's own nation and its interests over those of all other nations
-Opposite is Imperialism
-French-Canadian Nationalism
-Did not want to support Britain, wanted to protect French interests
-English-Canadian Nationalism
-Wanted Canada to be independent but also supported britain
Time: 1830s -
Ultramontanism
Ultramontanism: a political and religious doctrine where the Catholic Church dominates in every way, including political power.
Time span: 1840-1867
After 1840, as liberal ideas were gaining traction, the Church wanted to reclaim its authority. So therefore the ideas of Ultramontanism became more popular.
So basically Ultramontanism is the ideology that the church controls everything. -
Anticlericalism
Anticlericalism: opposed to the influence and activities of the clergy or the church in secular or public affairs.
Timespan: After 1840
-Opposite of ultramontanism.
-Advocating of the separation of church and state.
Basically: The ideology that the church should have no say or control in anything in your life. -
Agriculturism
Agriculturism: View that agricultural life was the solution to counter urbanization.
Basically: Push to support farmers/farming
-Becomes very important in the 50’s under Maurice Duplessis
-He strongly supported farmers and farming
-He made Quebecs #1 industry agriculture
Time: 1850's -
Capitalism
Capitalism: an economic system in which investment in and ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is made and maintained chiefly by private individuals or corporations, especially as contrasted to cooperatively or state-owned means of wealth.
Basically: Economic system in which private companies run the economy.
-Rich stay rich, poor stay poor
Timespan: 1867-1930 -
Fascism
Fascism: The idea that a dictator (single person) should control the entire country. They normally rule through the use of propaganda/force.
-was adopted in Spain and Italy
-brought to an extreme in Germany by Adolf Hitler.
Time: 1920's -
Socialism
Socialism: a theory or system of social organization that advocates the vesting of the ownership and control of the means of production and distribution, of capital, land, etc., in the community as a whole.
Basically:
-Ideology against the concentration of wealth in the hands of a few. No private ownerships and against capitalism
-Let the community decide what needs to be done
Timespan: 1920-1940 -
Cooperatism
Cooperatism: Counted on by French Canadians to raise the capital necessary for rural development. Allowed for the pooling of savings.
-Group of people that band together to control the business (most popular=agricultural)
-Collective owners of a co-op makes it much easier to get money since they are all together so less competition.
Time: 1920s -
Americanism
Americanism: Influence of American ideas and culture on Quebec’s society
-America was bigger than Canada therefore we were influenced entirely by them
-To counter American influences, the church spreads ideas of traditional Catholic culture
Time: Post WWII -
Feminism
Feminism: A social movement in which women fight for suffrage and social/economic/political equality.
-Women had a hard life, married young, produced many children over 10 was the normal
-Women often did the worst jobs
This all changed during WW1 when all the men went to fight in war therefore women go better jobs and voting rights.
Time: 1960's -
Aboriginalism
Aboriginalism: Claims for ancestral rights and recognition of aboriginal identity through tradition culture.
Basically: The movement for recognition for aboriginal rights.
Time: 1970's -
Neoliberalism
Neoliberalism: Idea that the government shouldn’t intervene in the economy and should let it function on its own.
-Just like liberalism but with a hands off government
-Advocating the removal of the state in various spheres of society.
Time: 1980's -
Native Issues
-In the summer of 1990 Mohawk warriors established road blocks on the borders to their reserves in Oka just outside Montreal, when a golf course wanted to expand its 9 holes onto native land.
-This was called the Oka Crisis
-Lasted for 78 days, when the stand-off finally came to an end
-however the issues remained
