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1500
Social Relationships
All beings are equal and interdependent and because of this, chiefs did not impose authority. Natives didn't accumulate wealth so they exchanged their surpluses. The idea of equality also carried over into education, which was based on social pressure, and children were rarely disciplined. Aboriginals also had freedom of actions since there were no written laws, only rules which were created by elders. -
1500
Spirituality, Cultures and Animalism
Animalism was the religion Natives believed in. They believed that all living things had souls so they must respect nature. If they kill a deer, they know it's sacrificing itself so they can live and they never waste the remains.Natives passed on traditions orally by elders who were greatly respected, through songs and dances.
When it came to spirituality, Natives had a shamanism, knows as a priest and medicine man. They also had many myths and legends as well as dreamcatchers. -
Life in New France
King of France was far away from the colony so he couldn’t control it as much as he did with France. Settlers then became more self-dependent and they worked everyday, caring for crops, making clothes, fixing tools, preparing for winter. Social Groups of New France were composed of the elite such as governors who were born into the luxurious lifestyle. Next was the middle class/bourgeoisie like Seigneurs, who had to work to become rich. The poorest were peasants/habitants such as censitaires. -
Absolutism
The king of France had absolute power meaning anything he says goes and no one dares oppose him. King Louis 14th even considered himself above God.
In the beginning of the 16th century, mercantilism was in place and the companies that had the monopoly on the fur trade were in charge of New France. This caused the colony to lack development economically and concerning population. -
Ultramontanism
Ultramontanism increases and enhances the power and authority of the pope. Therefore, the church has power over education and hospitals. Everyone must be obedient to what the church decides. This was very popular in the 1600’s in New France and it’s what Duplessis wanted in the 1950’s. -
Canadian Culture
Quebec society and culture are different today because of the lack of influence from France. The King was never in the colony, causing no French people influenced New France population. instead, Natives influenced them. They were taught new methods such as new modes of transportation (snowshoeing), new foods (corn), new ways of survival and new clothes for winter. -
King Louis 14th
New France was suffering so King Louis 14th decided to act by implementing two measures.- The monopoly ended and New France was placed under the Minister of Marine, Jean-Baptiste Colbert, who had veto power in the colony. The Royal Government was installed in 1663 and mercantilism was eliminated.
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Church Power and Wealth
The Catholic church had lots of power in New France and they controlled education and hospitals. Everyone living in that colony had to listen to what the church said or else they could be excommunicated. The church, especially bishops, were very rich because everyone who attended church had to pay a church tax called the tithe. -
Education and Hospitals run by the Church
School: The Church spreads its ideas by controlling education in the colony.The goal was to recruit guys to become part of the church and train in a seminary. There were no business schools at the time and education was based influenced by religion and the bible. Only wealthy guys had the privilege of attending school, guys who were poor didn't go. Girls weren't allowed to attend school and if they were lucky and rich, they had a private tutor. Hospitals: They were run by nuns from the church. -
Role of women from 1600-1910
1600-1800: Men and women had separate roles which were needed in order to survive. Women were known as housewives and had many children since it was encouraged by jean-talon, the church and they could help on farms. Women also had to listen to their husband or they could be punished. The only escape was to become a nun with the church, where priest or bishop would've been in charge of you as well. 1900-1910: Before the wars started, women still had little rights and little education. -
Liberalism
It advocating the freedom of the individual and parliamentary systems of government. For example, people can vote and government guarantees the individual's rights and civil liberties. Example: Canada is liberal, we vote for our prime minister. Ideas:
-Diffusion of liberal ideas by means of newspapers where we can print whatever we want without restrictions.
-Development of parliamentarism
-Reflection of liberal ideas in architecture -
Anticlericalism
With anticlericalism, one is opposed to the influence and activities of the clergy and church in public affairs.The Church would only be in charge of their own business, not education or hospitals. This promotes a more democratic regime. It's in opposition to ultramontanism.
Example: Canada today has anticlericalism. -
Imperialism
Imperialism extends the authority of an empire or nation, such as Britain, to a foreign country or colony, such as Canada. For example, the British came to Canada in the late 18th century but they were still extremely to their homeland, England. Because of this, Canada was forced into WW1 since they're allied with the British queen. -
Influence of the Church in Quebec
In 1837, Bishops were wealthy and became more and more powerful. During this time, Church was also registering births, marriages, deaths and church attendance was very high. Certain schools, heavily influenced by religion, were recruiting tool and some of them were named after Bishops, such as Laval University (1852). Other protestant schools include McGill(1821) and Bishops(1843). All these schools started with religion in mind but have developed into more business-like schools over the years. -
Capitalism
It’s an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.Anyone is allowed to start their own company and you're are free to do whatever you like with your private company as long as you stay within the laws of the country. Capitalists ideas were diffused through press owned by businessmen and certain literary works such as Bonheur d'occasion. -
Socialism
Socialism is a theory or system that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole. For example, Canada is a socialist country meaning the communities have a say in what’s going on. -
Nationalism
Nationalism is devotion to one's own homeland and you keep its interests over those of all other nations. French-Canadian Nationalism: People were supporting only the province of Quebec. They didn’t support Britain since they wanted to protect the French culture and language. English-Canadian Nationalism: People supporting Canada as a whole. Although they liked the English way (language and politics), they wanted Canada to operate independently. -
Cooperatism
Cooperatism is when a group of people join together to form a business and the ownership is shared. It protects the owners by making sure profit is made. Agriculture co-ops are very popular and the Desjardin banks is another example of a co-op. -
Fascism
Fascism is the idea of a single person (dictator) controlling the entire country. They usually rule through propaganda/force. For example, this was adopted to an extreme in Germany by Adolf Hitler, who ruled through force. -
Neoliberalism
Neoliberalism is a new wave of liberalism that advocates the removal of the state in various spheres of society. It also advocates the removal of tariffs for the freedom of the market. Canada isn't a neoliberalist country since the government controls certain aspects of our lives such as education. -
Laicism
Laicism, similar to anticlericalism, is when the church and state are separated. This means that the church does not impact society as heavily as it does with ultramontanism (in the 1600’s). -
Role of women during both World Wars
WW1 and WW2: Men went to war so women took over their jobs in factories to make guns and bombs for the war. Also, women started voting, although it was only on the behalf of their husband who was off to war. By 1918, women with a minimum age of 18 got the right to vote. By the end of WW2, things changed permanently. women were encouraged to go to university and get jobs. 1970s: Birth control made a huge impact since women were now in control of when they're pregnant. -
Agriculturism
Agriculturism encourages rural life with farmers. This was greatly encouraged by Duplessis in Quebec during the 1950’s. -
Americanism
Americanism means that we are influenced by American culture. Their food, music, films all impact us. We are primarily influenced by the media.The church, to counter American influences, spreads traditional Catholic culture through their own music, media and education. -
Aboriginalism and Native Issues
Aboriginal people start asking for their rights and fight to keep their original culture and identity. For example, during the Oka Crisis, a golf course wanted to expand nine holes onto native land. The Natives stood their ground and the Canadian Forces were called in to handle the situation. This conflict lasted 78 days and came to an end without armed conflict.
