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1500
Spirituality of the Natives
-Shamanism: the medicine man
-Myths and legends: transmitted through oral tradition
-Dream catchers -
1500
Social relationships of the Natives
-Respect for the elders
-Traditions
-Freedom of actions
-Laws weren't written down they were spoken
-Private property didn't exist -
1500
Animalism
-The Natives recognized that all living things have souls
-They respected nature
-Believed that animals would sacrifice themselves so that the humans could eat them
-They thanked the animals they hunted -
1500
Nature in the eyes of the Natives
-The circle of life: each season, direction, age and emotion had a place in the circle
-They believed that the world formed on the back of a giant turtle -
1500
Communication and exchange between the Natives
-Oral tradition allowed them to transfer myths and legends to each other
-Song and dance: they would gather and chant about their war victories
-Ceremonies -
Period: 1500 to
Culture and Currents of Thought
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Absolutism
-The King of France had absolute power including the power of veto
-The King had influence on the ideas and culture
-The King believed himself to be above God -
Religion
-Catholicism: everyone did what the church wanted or they were excommunicated
-Priests in charge of parishes and working as missionaries
-Nuns taught religion in schools and worked at hospitals
-Only rich boys were taught in schools
-Funded by a church tax called the tithe
-Religion was central to everyone's lives
-Church defines morally acceptable behavior
-The Church spreads its ideas through school
-Artistic productions tend to be impressions of religion -
King Louis the 14th
-Ended mercantilism
-New France wasn't developing it's economy or population
-Well trained soldiers were sent
-Ended the monopoly
-Had a Minister of Marine who told him of all the events in New France
-Implemented the Royal Government in 1663
-The King oversees all cultural events
-The King has control over the church -
Life in New France
-Settlers (habitants) had happy lives but worked very hard and became independent
-Not like France, where there are the very rich and a lot of poor/starving people
-The people were very autonomous and grew to become Canadians
-Classes: Nobility/Elite (Governor), Middle Class/Bourgeoisie (Seigneurs), Peasants/Habitants (Censitaries)
-The King of France had less control
-Contact with the aboriginals: many worked with or lived with the natives -
Liberalism
-Political or social philosophy
-Freedom of an individual
-Parliamentary systems of government
-Nonviolent modification of political, social, or economic institutions to assure unrestricted development in all spheres of human endeavor
-Governmental guarantees of individual rights and civil liberties. -
Imperialism
-Authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries or of acquiring and holding colonies
-Loyalty to the mother country (Britain)
-Influence by architecture
-Follow the same government structure
-British ideas spread in newspapers and stories -
Nationalism
-Devotion to ones own nation and its interests above all others
-British imperialism: controlling a vast number of colonies all over the world
-Built massive empires
-Britain expected its colonies to obey and follow it’s commands
-This didn’t always happen
-Some people in Canada didn't want to follow Britain
-This led to French-Canadian nationalism -
Ultramontanism
-Policy of the party in the Roman Catholic Church that increases and enhances the power and authority of the pope
-Everyone must be obedient to the Catholic religion
-Church wants to increase and extend its influence in the social aspect, political, cultural, etc -
Anticlericalism
-Opposed to the influence and activities of the clergy or the church in nonreligious or public affairs
-Opposite of ultramontanism
-Separation of the church and state
-Promotion of a democracy -
Laicism
-The nonclerical, or secular, control of political and social institutions in a society
-Religion doesn't have a say in anything that doesn't involve the church
-New style of art that represented real life and that distanced itself from a more traditional style imposed by the Church -
Agriculturism
-Support of farmers
-Encouragement of the rural community and congregation
-Creation of community groups such as "Le Cercle des fermières"
-Spread of their ideas in a magazine -
Other Nationalisms
The French-Canadian Nationalism:
-Didn't want to support Britain
-They wanted to protect french interests such as language, education and rights
-Views were spread through newspapers English-Canadian Nationalism
-Liked the English way and wanted to support Britain but wanted Canada to operate independently Neo-nationalism:
-New wave of nationalism starting in the 1960s and spread by artists -
Socialism
-Theory or system of social organization that advises the granting of ownership and control of the method of production and distribution of capital, land, etc., in the entire community
-The community has a say
-Questioning the spread of capitalism
-Labor movements, student movements and independent magazines -
Cooperatism
-Also known as co-ops
-Birth of different groups who favored equality and collaboration
-American Unions such as the Knights of Labor, the Caisses populaires and Catholic Union of Cultivators -
Fascism
-The belief that a dictator should control the entire country
-Rule through the use of propaganda
-Used in Spain and Italy but most extremely used in Germany (Hitler)
-There was a small spread of fascist ideas from Europe -
Capitalism
-Economic system where production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is owned by private individuals or corporations
-Construction of buildings by capitalists who form part of our architectural heritage
-Diffusion of capitalist ideas through the mainstream press owned by businessmen
-Appearance of texts that depict economic inequalities -
Americanism
-Influence of the American trends such as dance music and culture
-Through television, radio, films, etc
-The church countered americanism through music, media and education -
Feminism
-Women married young, had around 10 children
-Had to do what their husbands said
-Long days of work and were payed less than men
-Had the worst jobs
-Had few rights (no vote), little education. (if wealthy, their parents would pay for a tutor)
-Not allowed in university (once allowed in, certain programs were restricted)
-Their only escape was to become a nun
-During WW2, women did the jobs of the men who were at war and voted for them and became nurses
-Right to vote in federal elections 1918 -
Aboriginalism
-Claims for ancestral rights and recognition of aboriginal identity through traditional culture
-Protection of cultural writings, language, music, education, etc
-Oka crisis is an example of native issues -
Neoliberalism
-A new wave of liberalism: hands off government
-Advocating the removal of the state in various sectors of society.
-Opposition to socialist groups wanting to maintain intervention of the state
-Want nothing to do with groups that persuade the governments involvement
