-
Nov 17, 1500
Expressing spirituality
The Culture and traditions of the Amerindians are expressed in their beliefs. For example, they believe in the immortality of the soul after death, so it is part of their culture to bury the dead with numerous objects that will accompany them in the afterlife. Dreams were thought of as visions of the future, so it was part of their culture to have shamans understand the dream, and what to do about it. The shamans were essentially the ones who were the most connected to the spirits. -
Nov 20, 1500
Cultural Interaction Between the French and the Amerindian People
After the arrival of the French, the Amerindians began trading with them, which caused the Amerindian people to start changing their cultures with the tools the French gave them. The French believed the Amerindians as a nation without culture, which made them start sending missionaries to convert Amerindians to Christianity, completely changing their culture, even changing animismThe Amerindians were forced to change their beliefs, languages, and more to become Catholic. -
Nov 20, 1500
The Expression of Social Relationships
All beings are equal, therefore shall be met with respect. No one is above another, not even chiefs have much authority over an individual. Trading with Nations is meant to be something to improve a relationship. Even children being educated were individual, with almost no discipline or physical constraint. Even in war, the enemies of a Nation were treated as equals. If captured, their life might be saved, for example, they would join a family of a deceased. -
The Stronghold of the Church on society
In the 17th century, the King was thought to have been put into power by god, granting him absolute monarchy. The clergy would tell everyone of the King’s power, and the King will allow the church to manage education, services, and healthcare. The clergy was second in power to the king. The citizens would be forced to do what they wanted, fasting, daily prayers, and even when they confess their sins to the priest, he would have the right to control their lives. -
Education
Education was provided by Religious communities. Skilled professions were not taught in school, but by Master Workers. Education was rarely taught in Rural areas. Numerous inhabitants never finished the second year of Elementary School. The majority was illiterate in the 17th and 18th centuries, only members of the elite and artisans knew how to read and write. The Government intervention was limited to requiring that institutions hold a permit that was handed out after an exam. -
The Affirmation of a truly Canadian Culture
During the French Regime, a new Canadian culture began to develop. It specialised in teaching how to adapt to the natural environment, and it used many Amerindien tactics (Travelling, agriculture, education). Even governors and intendants stopped placing their authority like the king, but instead acted like good fathers and heads of the family. -
Popular Culture
Soon enough, cultural facts were being passed out orally, songs being made, and story telling was exceedingly important to the popular culture at this time (Which also made many new legends). People would pass on their culture during social gatherings and celebrations, gather in homes to play cards, listen to storytellers and dance to music (This was usually during the winter since it was too cold to work in the fields). During this period Canadian culture was rampant with illiteracy. -
The Beginning of a Dual Identity and Culture
After the British Conquest, the province of Quebec became one of the British Empire’s largest colonies.The British and Loyalists all felt comfortable with being part of the British Empire, but not all French Canadians felt the same.Some French did like the British law and parliament, but they were afraid of the loss of their culture.This caused journalist Ludger Duvernay to set up a nationalist organization to promote the French Canadian cultural heritage called the St Jean Baptiste Association. -
The Expression of Liberalism
Economic Liberalism supported Individual and Business freedoms, and limitations to the government role. The colony demanded a modernization of the educational system, for example, schools for professionals. There were two main groups that supported political and economic liberalism, Members of the French Canadian middle class (Lawyers, doctors, etc), and Members of the English Canadian business class who profited from the capitalist system. -
Opposing Opinions on the Role of the Clergy
After the Conquest, James Murray told the clergy to only interfere in spiritual matters, and not have as much influence and power as before. -
The First Newspapers
Ideas were expressed primarily through newspapers, for example, The Quebec Gazette, which started in 1764 in both English and French. In 1775, Fleury Mesplet (Montreal’s first printer) founded The Montreal Gazette which discussed the liberal ideas of the time and criticized the Catholic Clergy and demanded a Legislative Assembly. This was the voice of the Canadians who supported Liberalism, but it eventually became only English and was called The Gazette. -
Ultramontanism
Ultramontanism - The idea that the state should be controlled by Religious factors. The people with the ideas of Ultramontanism wanted education, healthcare, and social work to be under control of the Church. In 1864, the Vatican, a newspaper, published Syllabus Errorum, a list of modern trends that the church rejected because it contained liberal and socialist things. In 1870, the Church of Rome proclaimed the Pope infallible (Someone who cannot make mistakes). -
The Anticlerical Movement
The clergy had to face hostility from many who believed in Liberalism and didn't want the clergy to stop with state matters, and they went against the power of the catholic church, disobeying their demands. Amongst the Liberals, there were members of the Parti Patriote, which opposed the wishes of the clergy. After the rebellions, the Patriotes left and the Parti Rouge became the Church’s main adversary who wanted education to be separated from Religion because the Clergy’s education kept people -
Higher Education
In 1852 they founded the University of Laval in Quebec City to teach religion. It had four faculties, theology, arts, medicine, and law, while anglophone universities had this four in applied science and engineering. The Francophone universities were funded by the Catholic Clergy and they preferred a more classic education compared to the most modern science and engineering things taught in Anglophone Universities, who were supported by Capital. The universities teach mostly the Bourgeoisie, -
Neo-liberalism
Neo-liberalism compromised traditional liberal values while limiting the imbalances it created. This led to the creation of the Welfare State during the Quiet Revolution. Cooperatism is the only left-wing ideology that achieved some success in Quebec. It is based on the principles of equality and collaboration. This led to the beginning of the Caisses Populaires Desjardins, which was founded in 1900. -
Catholic Ideology Triumphs
The Catholic ideology is spread by the new Catholic Press, which started with Le Bien Publique in 1909. They also took advantage of the all new radio in the 1920s! They started making many broadcast channels for religious things. They encouraged people to read books about rural life and Christian values, and they censured publishers. The Church was even the main commissioner of works of art and they convinced artists to express themselves on religious subjects. -
Agriculturalism
At the end of the 19th century, the Quebec clergy tried to ward off the negative effects of industrialization by introducing Agriculturalism, in order to convince French Canadians to stay with the tradition way of rural farming. Priests even made settlements for this In 1915, the government participated in the creation of the Cercles des fermieres du Quebec, which allowed rural women to exchange ideas and obtain technical knowledge using the magazine La bonne fermiere. -
Liberalism and Capitalism
In the 19th Century, newspapers replaced newsletters and praised Liberalism and Capitalism and the social and economic progress that came with them. Thanks to the capital of big business, the successful economy provided entrepreneurs with the financial resources to construct buildings and take pieces of art for decoration. The Mille Carre Dore is home to the wealthy business class, where they lived in luxurious mansions. This neighborhood was a symbol of success by the English Bourgeoisie. -
The Secularization Movement
In 1948, peinture Paul-Emile Borduas and fifteen other artists and intellectuals signed the manifesto Le Refus Global, in which they denounced the Church’s opposition to freedom of thought. This started other critiques against the Catholic Church. People made novels opposing Church’s authority on censoring books, church’s submission to of women, and their poor quality of education. All of this contributed to the rapid loss of power for the Church.The government took over everything the Church -
Socialism, communism and the cooperatism
new ideologies like socialism,communism and cooperatism emerged and people questioned capitalism. These ideas were popular with unions,intellectuals and European immigrants, and they wanted equality for all. Communism and socialism did not progress in Quebec, as the Church and the Government stopped them, however these ideologies were publicly debated which forced the government to intervene,limiting the negative effects of capitalismThe Government set up measures t maintain the demand for goods -
French Canadian Nationalism
The French Canadians claimed political powers to maintain their culture and identity when Americans began to settle in Canada. The clergy helped uphold the nationalist sentiments because it would help strengthen links between Catholics and to keep their faith alive while living in a Protestant Majority.In the 20th century, French Canadian Nationalism is increased by various newspapers like L’action.This was a conservative ideology about maintaining traditions and social and political stability. -
Federalism
Wants to keep Quebec within Canada, is upheld by Pierre Elliot Trudeau and Gérard Pelletier, numerous Canadian Anglophones and Francophones. -
Neo-nationalism
Wants Quebec to be independent, is supported by Andre Laurendeau, Guy Fregault, Maurice Seguin, Michel Brunet, and secretly Neopolitan, and has numerous Francophones but very few Anglophones. -
Quebec’s Neo-Nationalism
After the 1950s, nationalism was transformed, and replaced by two new rival ideologies: federalism and neo-nationalism. -
Imperialism and Canadian Nationalism
English Canadians also wanted to affirm their identity as English Canadians, just like the French Canadians. Most of them thought their culture was sufficiently different from American culture, and that they would never be influenced, but very few In the 1960s, the English Canadians reacted to the French Canadian nationalism, by creating a nationalism of their own, with bilingualism, multiculturalism, and granted human rights and freedoms.
