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Nov 3, 1500
First Nations Peoples And There Relationship With Nature
They had a large respect for nature.
-They understood that it was the reason why they were able to survive
-They believed that everything in nature had a soul
-This is called animism
-They only took what they needed
-And used everything that they took -
Nov 3, 1500
Social Relations
-They had a great respect for elders
-Actively participated in traditions
-And they had no written laws or private property Nomadic Culture
-Chiefs were respected and decorated members of the tribe
-They represented the tribe/Spokesperson
-Hunting was a major part of the culture Iroquois Culture -Chiefs had to display qualities that the groups values
-They had to be excellent warriors -
Nov 3, 1500
Gifting
The First Nation Peoples thought that when they were given a gift they must give one back in return. The practice was for maintaining harmonious relations between groups. -Such as during festivities, large feasts would take place while the chiefs would exchange there gifts. -
Nov 3, 1500
Aboriginal Spirituality
-They believed spirits were immortal
-They would take special care of animals after killing them
-They thought that it was giving to them
-To avoid disfavor from the spirits some groups would make tobacco offerings They would have dreams and smoke tobacco to communicate with the spirits. They would smoke it with a pipe. Dreaming was a way for the spirits to show themselves. Often these dreams would be thought as prophecies of things that could happen in the future. -
Nov 3, 1500
Shamans and Communication
They are like a priest or doctor, they would be called if there was a dream that needed explaining. -This doesn't mean that the shaman imposed his view on the group, like the chief he had no power to impose actions or thoughts on the group. -The main method of communication is through oral tradition
-As well as song and dance which are now only used during ceremonies -
Period: Nov 3, 1500 to
Culture
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Nov 17, 1534
Continued Consequences with Europeans
-What really decimated were disease that the Europeans brought over -The Europeans adopted Amerindian means of travel such as snowshoes, sleds and canoes. -
Nov 17, 1534
Consequences of Encountering the Europeans
-They brought tools that were made of iron, steel and brass.
-These items became gradually integrated into the Aboriginal society
-These item replaced different types of materials such as pottery was replaced with brass pots. -The Amerindians integrated wool and cotton into the Europeans clothing
-The Europeans brought over domesticated animals making it easy to acquire meat without hunting -The Europeans also brought over rifles making Amerindian wars more deadly -
Catholic Social Services and Parish Framework
-The first group of Nuns were the Ursalins The first hospital was founded in 1639 and was called the Hotel-Dieu. At the center of the parish was the priest, who was the direct representative of the Church in the colony, and he had the obligation to document everything -
Absolutism in New France
When the French went to New France they brought over the Catholic religion.
Absolutism in New France was exerted by the through charter companies being granted the monopoly on certain materials such as fur. To the extent where the king was able to dissolve them as well. -
Aboriginal Missions and Aboriginal
The Missionaries or Jesuits would go on missions to convert the aboriginal people. They were sent to convert the Amerindian to Catholicism to make New France a completely Catholic society. -Nuns worked in the hospitals and in schools
-There was no work on Sunday, it was a day for church, socialization and the way they acquired there news
-The Church was funded by taxes called tithes
-The colony was very religious so they center Catholicism as there main ideology -
Liberalism in the Colony and Demanded rights
The press aids the distribution of liberal ideologies.
-The ideas were started by the English but were later adopted by the French Canadians.
-The ideas that were started were to integrate a parliament into the colony.
-The constitutional monarchy meant that; the power was divided between the king and the people;the right to represented in a parliament;Habeas Corpus;the Freedom of expression. Some of the Canadians that adopted these ideas, radicalized them which started rebellions. -
Act of Union and the Conquest
The conquest meant a change in Empire, meaning an increasing amount of British colonists entering Quebec. The Act of Union allowed the Church to increase its influence on the colony. The royal Proclamation benefited the population of the colony, changing the policies to allow the Catholic religion and the change some of the laws. During the American revolution the Church threatened the French Canadians that helped the rebels with excommunication. -
Partisan Press
The Parti-Canadian and the British Partie both encouraged the distribution of the partisan press.
-The Quebec Mercury
-A conservative English newspaper started in 1805, was a newspaper that defended the ideas of the British Merchants.
-Le Canadian
-A French newspaper started in 1806 defended the ideas of the French Canadians. Through the partisan press the colony was able to acquire;
-The Habeas Corpus in 1791
-A legislative assembly -
Nationalism and Republicanism of the 1830's
Failure of liberal reform in the 1830's led to a radicalization of the ideas among Parti Patriot members.
-Leads to Republicanism
-Ideology of people governing themselves
-Leads the Patriots revolts from 1837-1838
-An effort for fundamental rights for the French Canadians
This was connected to Nationalism, which was the protection of there religion, language and French Canadian culture. They were joined with mainly Irish colonists for their demands for political reform. -
Ultramontanism and the Church
Failure of the rebellions, with the adoption of the Act of Union in 1840, was able to influence the ideology of the colony. With the creation of United Canada the French Canadians became a minority in a political spectrum. After 1840 the Church used Ultramontanism as a way to increase its influence on the Colony,
-The Bishop obtained the right to increase the number of monks in the colony
-The ideology was for the Church to gain control of the political field such as education and health -
Anticlericalism after 1840
The growth of Ultramontism in the colony, was not accepted by the entire population.
-There were still some who still followed the liberal ideology
-In 1854 intellectuals opened up the Institute Canadien de Montreal, which the Church was against
-The members were for the separation of the Church and the State or Anticlericalism
- They believed that the Church had no right to meddle in politics or cultural life Anticlericalism was opposed to Ultramontanism -
Consequences of capitalism from 1867 to 1930
The industrial development required an investment of large amounts of capital, with a large labor force. Capitalism and the industrialization left marks on larger cities, through division of language, cultures and socioeconomic classes. -
Canadian imperialism in the early 20th century:
-Henri Bourassa put in place the British North America Act
-It was put in place protect catholic faith and french language within Canada
-He thought that Canadians should unite to defend Canada’s autonomy with regard to GB.
-Imperialists viewed Canada as part of the British empire and believed that English should be the only official language and Protestantism the only official religion in Canada
WW1: Imperialists = conscription -
Feminism and Refomism
-Charitable associations start up
-mostly composed of women
-British Business class and French bourgeoisie
-They had a traditional ideology of women which was that they saw them as wives and mothers
-These women also saw necessary that in there duty of being a mother it was important to concern themselves with education and health
-The ideals of the reformist women clashed with many others because education was giving them political rights which was thought to threat social disorder. -
Feminism continued
The Catholic Church and the supporters of nationalism were the major players in rejecting feminist demands.
-1922 petition for the right to vote
-1918 granted federal right to vote
-1940 granted the right to vote in Quebec -
French Canadian nationalism between 1920 and 1950
French Canadians criticize the social and cultural effects of capitalism. The nationalists thus brought back the themes of survival: family, religion and agriculture
-They are viewed as an essential characteristic and as a solution to counter urbanization
French Canadian nationalists judged capitalism to be the cause of social injustices
In order to raise the capital necessary for rural development, they counted on cooperatism, which would allow for the pooling of savings. -
Socialism, communism and fascism from 1920 to 1940
-Socialism made to counter of capitalism and industrial development
-Communism: made to end the capitalist system and social classes
Young Communist League of Canada (in 1923), attempted to help unions and there workers
-Fascism
-Promoted the restoration of a traditional order by authoritarian means
Canadian fascists were inspired by the regimes established in Italy and Germany after the stock market crash.
Military Life
Dominance of certain cultures
All powerful leader -
Americanism and secularism after the second world war:
After WW2 Quebec was prosperous,
-traditionalism and the influence of the catholic church on Quebec society started be called into question
More $ = better lifestyle and more time to spend
Americanism was bad for catholic church
New habits of consumption
Along with dances,music,television and theater shows, Secularism is the separation of Church and State -
Secularism of the social services, and the States intervention in culture
Under Lesage's liberal government -School was made free and obligatory until the age of 15 in 1961
-The ministry of education was created, making it so that the Church lost its power over education, in 1964
School boards however were still controlled by the Protestant and Catholic churches
The State encouraged creation of visual arts in 1961 the Quebec government created a counterpart to the National film Board of Canada founded in 1939 -
Aboriginalism and the Oka Crisis
Beginning in the 1970s, native people begin to assert their concept of the nation
Large hydroelectric projects of the sixties and seventies required the flooding of lands necessary for maintaining the traditional way of life for some aboriginal peoples
The Native people hoped that Quebec and Canada would recognize their rights; provincial government signed the James Bay and Northern Quebec Act in 1975, and promised to consult the Inuit on everything that may concern them. -
The Oka Crisis
A Mohawk nation was upset over the expansion of a golf course on their ancestral land.
The Canadian army was called upon to protect locals and fight against the warriors
The Mohawks were fighting for their rights and wanted the Canadian and provincial governments to acknowledge -
Réné Lévesque and Seperatism
In 1967, he founded the sovereignty association movement.
Still linked to Canada for certain subjects
In 1968, the SAM and RIN united, forming the Parti Quebecois (PQ) There were two referendums that took place but both were refused.
First May 1980, 59.44% of the population refused the referendum
Second referendum, on October 30, 1995, 50.58% refused
