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1500
Spirituality
Native Americans believed in the circle of life so they believed that the soul was immortal. They would leave precious object with the body of the dead so they travel with the soul. Shamans had a big spiritual role in the community. He or she was responsible for healing, ceremonies, and dreams. -
1500
Social Relationships
They also believed that all beings were equal. Chiefs did not have authority they were simply the person put in charge to make the best decisions because they were usually the oldest and wisest. There were no written laws but children should respect the elders but have no set rules, they were to learn from mistakes. -
1500
Nature in the Aboriginal Culture
Animism was present in their culture meaning that all living organisms had a soul. So the killing of an animal for food was actually the animal volunteering to die in order to feed the people. They would use every part of the animal not to waste. Land could not be possessed because only mother nature had that power. Objects could also not be possessed, sharing was a main value. -
1500
Communication and Exchange
In these times the natives didn’t have any kind of writting so they continued their traditions orally. The elder would teach younger kids everything and the kids would remember and later teach their kids and grandchildren. Songs and dances were one of the easiest ways to carry something on because they're easy to remember. -
Cultural Interaction between the French and the Amerindians
The French and the Amerindians began cultural exchanges. The French gave the Amerindian's iron tools, knives, tissue, bread, alcohol and much more because they thought that the Amerindians way of life had no culture. The French tried to convert them focussing on the sedentary Huron-Wendat nation. The Amerindians also helped the French by showing them how to live in the cold, use tobacco canoes and snowshoes. -
The Rights of the King in Relation to the Church
The king was more powerful than the Church but they helped each other out. The clergy imposed the people to follow and be loyal to the king and in return the king allowed the church to be responsible for education, social services, and healthcare. -
Religion in New France
The clergy was literally everywhere. The many priests were in charge of parishes and working as missionaries. Nuns worked in hospitals and schools. The church decided what was acceptable culturally and morally. Most people were very religious and their lives revolved around their religious beliefs leading them to pay tithes which is the church's tax. The church was extremely rich which is why we have so many beautiful churches everywhere. -
Education
As mentioned before schools were run by the clergy most teachers were nuns and certain priests. The smartest boys in their religious schools were sent to train in a seminary to become priests. Since the teachers were all religious figures they would spread values in schools. Schools were rarely found in the countryside. Numerous people never finished second grade and in the 17th and 18th century the majority of the population was illiterate. Only the rich could afford good schooling. -
The Differences between French Culture and Canadian Culture
The Canadian culture was becoming much different from that of france because Canadians adopted amerindian means. The succession of governors and intendants in New France Canadians also adopted a paternalistic attitude. Since most of canada was illiterate traditions were passed on orally with songs, story telling, dancing and much more during gatherings and celebrations. -
Imperialism
Imperialism is when a state imposes its political ways on other less powerful territories. This change could change both the majority and minority culture or slightly changes the minority culture. During the British regime, the major players in imperialism were the king and the governor. The Quebec Gazette and Nelson's Column were both cultural expressions associated with liberalism. -
Ultramontanism
Ultramontanism is the idea that the church should be in charge of everything. This conception rejects any modern ideas and believes that the pope should have total power. The clergy and the very religious Catholics are in agreement with the concept of ultramontanism. -
Liberalism
Liberalism is associated with freedom of the press, freedom of expression and individual freedom. So its main focus is freedom and equality. The British merchants, Louis-Joseph Papineau and the French-Canadian bourgeoisie are groups of people that stand for liberalism. There are opinion journals associated with liberalism like “Le Canadien” and “The Vindicator”. -
Anticlericalism
The opposite of ultramontanism, anticlericalism is opposing to religious authority for both social and political matters. Anticlericalism is against the traditional catholic ways that the population has known for so long. The Parti Rouge along with the Institut Canadien de Montréal are groups against ultramontanism. The journal L’Avenir the library of the Institut Canadien de Montréal are associated with anticlericalism. -
Agriculturalism
Agriculturalism promotes country living with traditional values and is opposed to urbanization. Curé Labelle a roman catholic priest and Mercier are both players in this concept. “Un homme et son péché” by Claude-Henri Grignon and “La Bonne chanson” by Abbé Charles-Émile Gadbois are cultural expressions associated with agriculturism. -
What is Nationalism? English Canadian Nationalism
Nationalism is the idea that a community that shares characteristics like language, religion and more form a nation. In Quebec, we have 3 major nations the Canadian and the Quebec nation. Canadian nationalism is the pride Canadians have in the British Empire. Laurier and Canada’s First movement support Canadian nationalism. The Canadian Red Ensign and the creation of the Canadian Navy are both cultural expressions associated with Canadian nationalism. -
French Canadian Nationalism
French Canadian nationalism is the Canadian attachment to our French culture more precisely the French language and Catholic religion. This also encourages some to maintain distance with the British Empire. Henri Bourassa and Lionel Groulx were French Canadian nationalism supporters. Le Nationaliste newspaper and L’Action Nationale magazine are cultural expressions associated with French Canadian nationalism. -
Socialism
Socialism is a theory saying that the means of productions should be owned collectively in a community. The Cooperative Commonwealth Federation and Albert Saint-Martin support socialism. The election posters of the Labour-Progressive Party and the Canadian Labor Defense League are associated with socialism. -
Cooperatism
Birth of different groups who favoured equality and collaboration, sharing resources and dividing surplus between members. Alphonse and Dorimène Desjardins supported cooperatism. The Cooperative Syndicates Act was an expression associate with corporatism. -
Feminism
The demand for women's right and equality between both genders. Women have been treated less importantly than men for too long. Women were considered property and were used for hard jobs and having as many children as possible usually over 10. We now have newspapers and magazines promoting feminism throughout Canada and around the world. -
Aboriginalism
Aboriginalism is the theory that although we mistreated the aboriginals in the past we must preserve the native culture and languages. This is associated with several celebrations like the Innu Nikamu festival. -
Americanism
The American way of life means freedom and economical success. There are also many cultural traditions like dances, songs, etc. Americanism is associated with many other stereotypical things like fast food, advertising and hollywood movies. -
Neoliberalism
Is the theory saying we should have free markets, individual responsibilities and reductions in state interventions in our public lives. It is known for aiming for a laissez-faire approach. -
Capitalism
Capitalism is an economic system based on private ownership of means of production in order to focus on making profit. There are many players in capitalism because of the profit it makes. Such as the Montreal Curb Market and banks. There are also several neighborhoods and buildings associated with capitalism like the Sun Life building and the neighborhood of Saint-Henri. -
Fascisme
The idea that one person should control the entire country. They gain control through propaganda/lies. This can become a horrible situation demonstrated in Germany by the Nazi’s lead by Adolf Hitler. Adrien Arcand, journalist and head of the Parti National social chrétien spreads his ideas in newspapers but this is not to the same intensity as Hitler. -
How the Government Works
Constitutional Monarchy meaning the Queen & Governor General have only symbolic power.
Parliamentary Democracy all laws must be passed through the parliament, whose members are elected by the population
There are 3 levels of Government: Federal, Provincial, Municipal, each level has three types of functions
Executive: Makes decisions about administration
Legislative: Makes or amends laws, and imposes taxes
Judicial: Ensures laws are applied
