-
COMBINATION LAWS
Banned trade unionism > only possibility: FRIENDLY SOCIETIES -
Period: to
EARLY VICTORIAN PERIOD
End of Napoleonic wars
UTILITARIANISM
Bentham
GROWTH OF LIBERALISM (SUITED TO RAPID EXPANSION OF ENGLAND) -
Period: to
BENTHAMISM/UTILITARIANISM
MINIMAL STATE INTERVENTION (LOCKE'S IDEAS)
The state should only intervene in:
-PROTECTION OF PROPERTY
-PUBLIC ORDER
-NATIONAL DEFENSE
'The greatest happiness of the greatest number'
Pleasure of the individual <> pleasure of the community >> clashes >> intervention of the state -
LAISSEZ FAIRE
London merchants made a petition to Parliament to achieve freedom from restraint -
THE CONDITION OF ENGLAND QUESTION
During the Early Victorian period
Robert Owen (middle classes) Paternalistic view
Lord Shaftesbury (higher classes) Paternalistic view
Lovett and Place (lower-middle classes) Self-help -
REFORM OF THE PENAL CODE
Certainty of punishment instead of severity -
REPEAL OF COMBINATION LAWS
Thanks to the work of Lovett and Place
The bill settled the status of trade unions in terms of equality with employers' associations.
Emergence of many trade unions
'Old Trade Unions' gathered skilled workers
1825 - second Act restricting intimidation and the use of violencegrowth in trade unions (the disguise of Friendly Societies was no longer needed)
-
NSY - NEW SCOTLAND YARD
METROPOLITAN POLICE FORCE -
ENFRANCHISEMENT OF INDUSTRIALISTS
(GROWTH OF DEMOCRACY) -
FACTORY ACT
Lord Shaftesbury's first parliamentary victory
Only affected children, applied to all textile mills
Regulated children labour, provided inspection -
PEOPLE'S CHARTER
CHARTISM proposed:
-universal suffrage for all men over 21
-secrecy of ballot
end for the need of property qualification for Parliament aims: social, working conditions. When these reforms were achieved, the mov disappeared. -
FREE TRADE
Removal of Corn Laws and Navigation Acts >> material prosperity
Favourable to industrial and comercial interests -
Period: to
MID VICTORIAN PERIOD
PHILOSOPHICAL RADICALISM
Stuart Mill and Chadwick
SUPREMACY OF LIBERALISM (the most complete individual freedom for those who contributed to the national wealth) -
Period: to
AMALGAMATED SOCIETY OF ENGINEERS
*skilled workers
*aim: insurance and soc benefits
*collective bargaining with employers
*methods: conciliation and negotiation, against strikes >> more accepted by businessmen -
Period: to
PHILOSOPHICAL RADICALISM
JOHN STUART MILL AND CHADWICK
Gov should intervene further, it should create the conditions for 'happiness'
Reforms on EDUCATION, FACTORY, HOUSING, HEALTH (no provision of medical service) AND FRANCHISE >> SOCIAL SERVICE STATE -
Crimean War
aim: check Russia's expansion
result: England realised how obsolete her military forces were -
ENFRANCHISEMENT OF URBAN WORKERS
(GROWTH OF DEMOCRACY) -
TRADE UNION CONGRESS
PARTIALLY SUCCESSFUL - Gov passed:
*Trade Union Act, 1871: legalisation of trade unions, strengthened their legal status
*Criminal Law Amendment Act: peaceful picketing was prohibited > severe restriction of their powers as fighting bodies. -
SECRECY OF BALLOT
-
SOCIAL SERVICE STATE
during the Mid Vict period
gradual political and social reforms
As more ppl were represented, they needed to be more educated to vote conscientiously
As ppl became more educated, they demanded more political rights. -
Period: to
LATE VICTORIAN PERIOD
NEW LIBERALISM
Hobhouse and Hobson
DECLINE OF LIBERALISM (moral and economic collapse) -
Period: to
HOBHOUSE - LIBERAL SOCIALISM
intention of linking doctrines of individual liberty with collective action through central and local state to control industry in the interest of the whole -
Period: to
HOBSON
similar to Hobhouse, but PRIORITY OF SOCIETY OVER ITS INVIDIVUALS
-Analogy of a natural organism to describe society and its political functions -
Period: to
NEW LIBERALISM
HOBSON AND HOBHOUSE: protect ppl at all times, not only at work >> EXTENDED AND EXTENDING STATE > $
-LAND UTILISATION: gov didn't own the land, but levied taxes on it > PPL'S BUDGET Only when there is a clash of interests there should be gov intervention.SOCIAL SECURITY STATE
-
Boers wars
1880-1900 SPLENDID ISOLATION
aim: expand England's colonies
result: England realised how lonely she was. -
FABIAN SOCIETY
Br socialist intellectual mov
*advance to socialism through gradual reforms (local first, then national) -
Period: to
NEW UNIONS
*gathered both skilled an unskilled workers
*conciliation
*socialist ideas -
SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC FEDERATION
Britain's first organised socialist political party
*demand for universal suffrage
*nationalisation of means of production and distribution -
ENFRANCHISEMENT OF RURAL WORKERS
(GROWTH OF DEMOCRACY) -
INDEPENDENT LABOUR PARTY
ANTECEDENT OF the LABOUR PARTY
New Unions and philosophers of the Fabian Soc and the SDF formed this political party.
*aim: collective ownership of the means of prod, distrib, and exchange. -
LABOUR REPRESENTATION COMMITTEE
Formed by members of
*the SDF,
*Trade Union Congress,
*Fab Soc,
*the Indep Lab Party head of the LRC: Keir Hardie
secretary: Ramsay MacDonald -
Queen Victoria dies
-
LABOUR PARTY
The Lab Rep Committee changed its name and founded the Lab Party.
Constitution, clause 4 promotes:
*the state ownership of the means of prod, distrib and exhcange. >> a way to achieve an egalitarian soc >> Lab Party is a Socialist party
(Clause removed by Tony Blair, now the New Lab Party is not a socialist party) -
EDUCATION ACT
-
FIRST OLD AGE PENSION
Money was needed > LAND UTILISATION/NATIONALISATION >Lloyd George's Ppl's Budget -
TOWN PLANNING ACT
-
PPL'S BUDGET
Lloyd George - Lord Chancellor -
NATIONAL INSURANCE ACT
Unemployment benefits, sickness benefits, old age pensions -
WWI
-
SOCIAL SECURITY STATE
SOC SERV STATE + innovations to protect PPL WHEN NOT WORKING > sick, old, unemployed. -
Period: to
INTERWAR PERIOD
*ECONOMIC UNREST
*CONTROLLED CAPITALISM: the gov encpuraged industries to regulate their own affairs on a national basis.
*low prices>low salaries> strike: Trade Union Congress
*1st steps of a MANAGED ECONOMY (some industries became under gov control)
RECOVERY PROGRAMME: protectionist policies, -
ENFRANCHISEMENT OF WOMEN AND EVERYBODY OVER 21
(GROWTH OF DEMOCRACY) -
1ST LAB GOV
MacDonald PM
didn't have power because they didn't have a majority in Parliament -
THE GENERAL/SYMMPATHETIC STRIKE
It reflected the post-war economic unrest -
UNIVERSAL SUFFRAGE
(GROWTH OF DEMOCRACY) -
ANGLO-GERMAN NAVAL AGREEMENT
Germany could increase their naby.
The agreement violeated the T of Versailles and the declaration of Stresa Front (which had the aim of reaffirming the Locarno Pact: "Germany had accepted that the Rheinland should be demilitarised")it showed Britain's self-interest.
-
BEVERIDGE REPORT
(During Chuchill and Atlee's coalition gov)
To assess the living conditions of the British after war.
It was the basis for the creation of the WELFARE STATE, born in 1945. -
BUTLER ACT
Reorganised primary and secondary education.
It introduced an exam to determine who should go to which school > unpopular, not based on equality -
WELFARE STATE
MATERIALISED IN 1948 -
ATLEE BECOMES PM
Victory of Lab Party> achieve the collective ownership of means of P, D and Ex to achieve an egalitarian society.
He nationalised:
*The Bank of England (means of exchange)
*Coal, electricity, gas industries (means of prod)
*Railroads and airlines (means of distribution) -
NATIONAL INSURANCE ACT
It raised wages and shortened the working day, although unemployment was not completely solved. -
NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICE ACT
It implemented medical care and service for free, based on principles of universality, it was also comprehensive