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Period: to
1600s Colonial Period and English Puritan Influence
Key Points: Colonial laws, family responsibility, harsh punishment. Explanation: During the Colonial Period, English Puritan influence shaped the juvenile justice system. Children were considered mini-adults and were subject to the same punishments as adults. Source: The Puritans, history.com -
Period: to
1700s Scholar and Medical Expert Influence
Key Points: Enlightenment, John Locke, education and reform. Explanation: Enlightenment scholars and medical experts began to influence the perception of children, emphasizing education and moral reform over punishment. Source: Nursing, History, and Health Care; Penn Nursing -
Period: to
1800s/Early 19th Century, Parens Patriae, Reformatory Era, and Houses of Refuge
Key Points: Parens Patriae doctrine, establishment of Houses of Refuge, reform schools. Explanation: The concept of Parens Patriae (the state as a parent) emerged, leading to the creation of Houses of Refuge to reform rather than punish juvenile delinquents. Source: History of the Juvenile Justice System, Pressbooks -
Period: to
Early 1900s, Juvenile Probation
Key Points: Introduction of juvenile probation, individualized treatment. Explanation: Juvenile probation was introduced, allowing for individualized treatment and supervision of juvenile offenders. Source: History of juvenile probation; Good Juvenile Probation Practice -
Period: to
Juvenile Courts Mid 1900s
Key Points: Establishment of juvenile courts, significant court cases. Explanation: The mid-1900s saw the establishment of juvenile courts, which aimed to provide a separate legal process for juveniles. Landmark cases such as In re Winship, Kent v. United States shaped the rights of juveniles within the justice system. Source: Juvenile Justice History; cjcj.org