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Period: 1300 to
Renaissance
The Renaissance, a cultural movement in Europe between the 15th and 16th centuries, marked the transition from the Middle Ages to the Modern Age. Originating in Florence, Italy, and driven by humanism, it revived classical values and gave way to anthropocentrism. Vasari and Michelet gave names and meanings to the Renaissance.Buckhardt emphasized individuality.This period encompassed art, science, politics and social change, reflecting the emergence of states, bourgeoisie and the rise of humanism -
1420
Florence Cathedral's Dome
The dome was built in 1420 to 1436, by Filippo Brunelleschi, the dome was very heavy and for this reason they had many problems to build it, this invention a method of masonry that helped it to stand, and was consecrated by Pope Eugene IV, the church has the shape of a Latin cross and has 3 naves, the maximum height of the dome is 116 meters, the approximate weight of the dome is 30,000 tons and more than 4 million drills were used to build it. -
1498
Pietà by michelangelo
They are sculptures where you can see the Virgin Mary carrying the body of her dead son, Jesus Christ, the name of pietà comes from an expression used in the year 64 that meant an emotion of love, this was commissioned by the Cardinal of Saint Denis and paid to Michelangelo 450 ducats of gold on the condition that this finished within a year, Michelangelo finished it 2 days before the deadline and the Cardinal died a day before being finished, and is in the Vatican. -
1509
The school of Athens, by Raphael Sanzio
It is a painting made by Raphael Sanzio, the sketch was made between 1509 and 1510 and painted between 1510 and 1512. Its base is 7.75 m and its height is 5.00 m. In some niches in the background there are gigantic figures of the gods Apollo and Athena. The sculpture on the left is that of Apollo, god of light, the bow and music, holding a lyre. The sculpture on the right is Athena, goddess of wisdom, in her Roman aspect of Minerva. -
Period: 1516 to 1556
The Reign of Carlos I
Charles I of Spain, also called Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire,was born in Ghent in 1500.After the death of his father, he assumed the government in 1515,He prevented his grandfather Ferdinand from giving the inheritance to his brother Ferdinand I of Habsburg,Juana, his mother,was imprisoned leaving Charles with effective control of the government.This situation led Cardinal Adrian of Utrecht to travel to Aragon to ensure that Charles was not stripped of the inheritance of Castile and Aragon -
Period: 1520 to 1521
The Revolt of Comuneros in Castilla
The uprising known as the War of the Communities in Castile (1520-1521) saw the rise of the comuneros in cities such as Segovia, Toledo and Valladolid. Their opposition sought independence and protested against the growing imperial influence the Cortes refused to meet their demands. This led Toledo to lead the rebellion, inspiring other cities to follow suit. The revolt fell in 1521 after the brutal repression of the battle of Villalar and the execution of its leaders. -
1555
Peace of Augsburg
Was a treaty signed by Ferdinand I of Habsburg, brother and representative of Emperor Charles V, and the Imperial States, on September 25, 1555 in the free city of Augsburg in Germany, which resolved the religious conflict of the Protestant Reformation. The treaty divided Charles V's empire into two religions, Catholic and Lutheran, giving citizens a free choice of religion and beliefs, while others were forbidden, such as Calvinism and Islam. -
Period: 1556 to
The Reign of Felipe II
Felipe II, known as "the Prudent," reigned in Spain from 1556 until his death in 1598, establishing a 60-year dynastic union between Spain and Portugal. Through his marriage to Mary I, he was briefly king of England and Ireland. His reign was polarizing: while some revered him, others accused him of being extremely fanatical and despotic. He was appointed governor of Spain at age 17. His education included teaching under the tutelage of figures such as Silíceo and Juan Calvete de Estrella. -
Period: 1568 to 1571
The Rebellion of the Alpujarras
The Alpujarras conflict, between 1568 and 1571,took place in Spain during the reign of Philip II.It arose because of the Sanction of 1567,which limited the cultural freedoms of the Moriscos in Granada.After the repression,the survivors were deported to other areas of the Crown of Castile.Despite attempts at dialogue,the kings firmness in maintaining the restrictions triggered the conflict.Julio C.Baroja describes it as an inevitable struggle due to the determination to delete the Moorish culture -
Period: 1568 to
The Eighty Years War
The Eighty Years' War was a confrontation between the Netherlands and Philip II of Spain between 1568 and 1648. Originating from religious, political and economic tensions, it culminated in the independence of the United Provinces. Religious repression, cultural alienation and economic dissatisfaction fueled the revolt.Despite the loss of prestige and economic crises,the United Provinces had Flanders,strategic and frontier,and the disconnection of Philip II with the Dutch,aggravated the conflict -
1579
The Singment of the Union of Utrecht
It was an agreement signed in the Dutch city of Utrecht on January 23, 1579 between the rebellious provinces of the Netherlands, at that time confronted with the Hispanic Monarchy during the Eighty Years' War.Finally after many years of war, only stopped during the Truce of the twelve years signed in 1609. The Treaty of Münster of 1648 meant the recognition by Spain of the independence of the United Provinces of the Netherlands. -
1579
The singment of the Union of Arras
fue un acuerdo internacional firmado el 5 de enero de 1579 en la ciudad de Arrás por el que algunas provincias del sur de los Países Bajos reconocían la soberanía de Felipe II en el marco de la guerra de los Ochenta Años. Algunos de los territorios que formaban dichas provincias forman parte de Francia desde 1659, tras la firma del Tratado de los Pirineos, 1668 con la firma del Tratado de Aquisgrán y 1678 mediante los Tratados de Nimega. -
The defeat of the Spanish Armada by England
The Spanish Armada, a 130-ship fleet sent by Spain in 1588 to invade England, suffered losses due to storms, disease, and English tactics. England's defense against the Armada boosted national pride, establishing its naval prowess. The clash highlighted heavy cannons' importance and initiated a new era in sea warfare. Despite Spain's subsequent attempts, peace was achieved in 1604, ending the Anglo-Spanish War in a stalemate -
Period: to
The Baroque Art
The Baroque, which emerged in the 17th century, marked an artistic style in Europe with works in literature, architecture, music and more. Characterized by refinement and ornamentation, it manifested itself as a departure from classicism and spread throughout Europe and its colonies. It emerged at a time of religious disputes and political differences, reflecting the struggle between styles and stark reality. The term, initially derogatory, became a historical and stylistic concept. -
Apollo and Daphne, by Bernini
Apollo and Daphne is a sculpture by the Italian Gian Lorenzo Bernin. The mythology of this sculpture tells that the god Apollo mocks Eros, who takes revenge by shooting arrows: one makes Apollo fall in love with Daphne, but she, affected by another arrow, rejects him. In her pursuit, Daphne asks for help from her father and Gaea, who turn her into a laurel to protect her from Apollo. Heartbroken, Apollo embraces the tree and promises to honor her by using its leaves as a symbol of victory. -
Saint Peter's square project by Bernini
Piazza San Pietro in Vatican City is emblematic for Catholics. Its baroque design merges a section in front of St. Peter's Basilica with an oval containing a central obelisk. These spaces are connected by colonnades of 284 columns, 88 pilasters and 96 statues. Piazza Pio XII, as a vestibule, opens onto Via della Conciliazione. It is a global meeting point for the faithful and an architectural symbol of the Catholic faith, with a grandiose and spiritual feel that attracts visitors and pilgrims. -
The Spinners, by Velazquez
Velázquez's "Las Hilanderas", in the Prado Museum, is a mainstay of Spanish Baroque. Although its meaning is enigmatic, it is believed that he painted it in 1657 for Pedro de Arce, who managed the king's hunts. Prior to the fire of 1734, it was in the Alcázar and then in the Royal Palace. Transferred to the Prado Museum in 1819, it is debated whether it was painted before or after "Las Meninas", between 1649 and 1657, showing the influence of Rubens during his stay in Madrid. -
Period: to
Neoclassical Art
Neoclassicism,an influential Western cultural movement, was inspired by classical antiquity and emerged in the 18th century. Rooted in Enlightenment values,it opposed the ornate Rococo style,favoring simplicity and symmetry in art and architecture.Inspired by ancient Greco-Roman ideals,it emphasized noble simplicity and grandeur.European art students returning from Italy after the Grand Tour spread this movement. Neoclassicism endured into the 19th and 20th centuries, especially in architecture. -
Oath of the Horatii, by Jacques-Louis
Jacques-Louis David's "Oath of the Horatii", a neoclassical painting from 1784, dimensions 330 x 425 cm, is housed in the Louvre Museum. David, an influential artist, received the royal commission for this work symbolizing loyalty to the state and the monarch, although it was painted before the French Revolution. This piece became iconic during that period. David, who later supported the execution of Louis XVI, seemed to embrace the shift to a republican government, -
Carlos IV of Spain and his family, by Francisco de Goya
"The Family of Charles IV", a painting by Goya, dates from 1800 and is in the Prado Museum. After months of work and detailed sketches, he completed the work in 1801. Goya's complexity and mastery are seen in the detailed rendering and the influence of earlier group portraits. The work exhibits the royal family with technical precision and subtlety in the personalities. Since 1942, this work has been in room 32 of the Prado Museum, and is a key piece in the artist's oeuvre.