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Period: 1300 to
Renaisssance
The Renaissance, which occurred in the 15th-17th centuries, marked a crucial transition between the Middle Ages and the Modern Age in Europe. The end of medieval religious thought and the emergence of bourgeois cultures marked the era, along with the beginning of capitalism. The Renaissance fostered the creation of iconic works, encouraged artistic patronage and promoted new scientific discoveries, transforming the vision of the universe and focusing on reason and nature. -
1420
Florence Cathedral's dome,by Brunelleschi
The dome was built in 1420 to 1436 by Filippo Brunelleschi,the dome was built with a masonry technique.it was the largest dome in the world after the fall of the Roman Empire and now the biggest in Europe.the dome has a pointed shape and is formed by eight faces.the interior has two domes one inside and one outside.the height is 116.50 meters.The dome has a pointed shape and is formed by eight faces.The height of the dome is 116.50 meters,and its construction required more than 4 million bricks. -
1498
Pietà,by Michelangelo Buonarroti (1498)
The Pietà of the Vatican is a marble sculpture sculpted by MichelAngelo between 1498 and 1499. It is located in the Vatican City, the Cardinal of Saint Denis ordered to build the sculpture by signing a contract with MichelAngelo where he stipulated that he would pay 450 gold ducats for the sculpture on condition that it was completed within 365 days.The Pietà was moved between 1749 and 1750 and it is currently in St. Peter's Basilica. -
1509
The school of Athens,by Raphael Sanzio (1509)
The sketch was made between 1509 and 1510 although it was painted between 1510 and 1512.The base of the painting is 7.75 meters and its height is 5.00 meters The School of Athens is one of a group of four large frescoes on the walls of the Stanz which represent different branches of knowledge.Each theme is represented by a large female figure seated on clouds carrying several phrases which are: ''Seek knowledge of causes'',''Divine inspiration'',''Divine knowledge of things'',''To each his due'' -
Period: 1516 to 1556
The reign of Carlos
Charles I of Spain,also known as Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire,was born in 1500 in Ghent.He reigned from 1516 to 1556,uniting the crowns of Castile and Aragon and becoming Holy Roman Emperor.After the death of his father and the imprisonment of his mother Juana for alleged insanity,he assumed the government in 1515 delegating much of his power.His access to t Spanish throne was secured by preventing his grandfather Ferdinand from ceding the inheritance to his brother Ferdinand I of Habsburg -
Period: 1520 to 1521
The revolt of the Comuneros in Castilla
The war of the Communities of Castile, between 1520 and 1521,The comuneros fought for national independence and against imperial power.Repression at the battle of Villalar and the beheading of their leaders put an end to the revolt in 1521.Charles I saw the communards rise up in cities such as Segovia,Toledo and Valladolid,his Flemish court provoked discontent. After his election as emperor in Germany,the Cortes rejected the service he demanded.Toledo led the rebellion and other cities joined in -
1555
Peace of Augsburg
It was a treaty between Charles V the emperor of the Germanic Roman Empire and the Schmalkaldic League which was an alliance.Signed on September 25,1555 in Augsburg.It officially ended the faight of the groups and made Christianity legal within the Roman Germanic Empire.Allowing governors to choose between Lutheranism or Calvinism although Calvinism was not allowed until the Peace of Westphalia.Was a system collapsed in the 17th century and that was one of the reasons for the Thirty Years War. -
Period: 1556 to
The reign of Felipe II
Felipe II,king of Spain 1556-1598 and Portugal 1580,descendant of Juana I and Charles I,maintained a dynastic union for 60 years.Married to Mary I,he was briefly king of England and Ireland.His reign was ambiguous revered by some,branded as fanaticism and despotism by others.He expanded the Spanish Empire and explored the world,reaching it apogee.Although he was not fluent in French or Italian,he showed an interest in government from a young age,being appointed governor of Spain at the age of 17 -
Period: 1568 to 1571
The rebellion of the Alpujarras
The rebellion of the Alpujarras occurred between 1568 and 1571 during the reign of Philip II in Spain. The Moors of the Kingdom of Granada rose up because of the Pragmatic Sanction of 1567, which restricted their cultural freedoms. There were massacres of priests and thousands were sold into slavery. Archbishop Pedro Guerrero advocated repressive measures and Moorish cultural aspects were limited. Despite attempts at negotiation, the king ratified the prohibitions in 1567, leading to rebellion. -
Period: 1568 to
Te Eighty Years War
The Eighty Years' War pitted the Netherlands against Philip II of Spain 1568-1648.After the Peace of Westphalia,the United Provinces gained independence. Religious,economic and political conflicts,cultural estrangement and religious repression fueled the rebellion.T United Provinces emerged as a world power,but for Spain it meant loss of prestige and economic problems.The strategic importance of Flanders,Felipe II's lack of connection with the Dutch and economic problems accelerated the conflict -
1579
The signment of the Union of Utrecht
It was a treaty signed on January 23, 1579 in Utrecht, the Netherlands, which unified the northern provinces of the Netherlands, until then under the control of Habsburg Spain. The Union of Utrecht is the foundation of the Republic of the Seven United Provinces, which was not recognized by the Spanish Empire until the Twelve Years' Truce of 1609.The treaty was a reaction of the Protestant provinces to the Union of Arras of 1579. -
1579
The signment of the Union of Arras
It was an alliance between several sites in the Habsburg Low Countries which were the county of Artois, the county of Hainaut and the city of Douai in 1579 during the Eighty Years' War, signed on January 6 offering a vigorous Roman Catholic offer against what they considered usurpations of the Calvinists in other provinces. These signatories would initiate negotiations for a separate peace with the Spanish Crown, which resulted in the Treaty of Arras of May 17, 1579. -
The defeat of the Spanish Armada by England
The Spanish Armada, a 130-ship fleet sent by Spain in 1588 to invade England, suffered losses due to storms, disease, and English tactics. England's defense against the Armada boosted national pride, establishing its naval prowess. The clash highlighted heavy cannons' importance and initiated a new era in sea warfare. Despite Spain's subsequent attempts, peace was achieved in 1604, ending the Anglo-Spanish War in a stalemate. -
Period: to
Barroque art
The baroque style,which emerged between the 17th and 18th centuries in Europe, initially despised, then revalued, is opposed to classicism. It emerged in a context of war, revolts and plague, expressing intense emotions and love for life. The Catholic Church in crisis adopted it, using it to create religious fervor with sculptures. It sought to represent spirituality,emotions such as love and fury, and to reflect individuality with realistic and exaggerated bodies to express movement and passion -
Apollo and Daphne,by Bernini
In the myth, vengeful Eros wounds Apollo and Daphne with opposing arrows: one of love and the other of rejection. Apollo falls in love with Daphne, but she, rejecting him, flees. In the face of his pursuit, Daphne begs for divine help and transforms herself into a laurel tree. Apollo, reaching her, sees her metamorphosis into a tree. Accepting his destiny, he declares the laurel as his favorite tree whose leaves will symbolize victory, lamenting the impossibility of having her as a woman. -
Saint Peter's square project by Bernini
St. Peter's Square, in front of the Basilica in Vatican City, is an outstanding example of Baroque architecture. Dedicated to the homonymous saint, it is a daily meeting point for thousands of Catholic faithful. With two distinct areas, one in the shape of a trapezoid and the other in the form of an oval with an Egyptian obelisk, they are unified by four colonnades with 284 columns and 88 pilasters, supporting an architrave and 96 marble statues. -
The Spinners,by Velázque
The spinners" by Diego Velázquez is an oil painting from 1657 in the Museo del Prado in Madrid. It intricately depicts women at the Royal Tapestry Factory of Santa Isabel in Madrid, suggesting the Fable of Arachne. The use of chiaroscuro creates high contrast and atmospheric perspective, adding depth. Created for King Philip IV's hunter, Don Pedro de Arce. It is speculated that Velázquez intended to warn the nobility against arrogance by showing ordinary workers. -
Period: to
Neoclassical art
Neoclassical art emerged in the 1760s and flourished through the 1840s. It emphasized austere linear designs that portrayed classical subjects with archeological precision. Evoking Greek and Roman art, it advocated harmony, sobriety and idealism. Reacting against the ornate Rococo style, Neoclassicism found inspiration in the new scientific interest in antiquity and archaeological discoveries. Johann Winckelmann's defense of Greek art greatly influenced this movement. -
The Oath of the Horatii ,by Jacques-Louis David
The Oath of the Horatii by Jacques-Louis David marked the emergence of French Neoclassicism. Based on historical sources, it depicts a ritual duel between Roman brothers, the Horatii, and their childhood friends, the Curiatii, representing the conflict between Rome and Alba Longa. The symmetry and geometric balance of the painting, in which the number three stands out, reflect the dramatic theme. The composition, exhibited at the Louvre in Paris, influenced the infamous Fascist and Nazi salute. -
Carlos IV of Spain and his family, by Francisco de Goya
Francisco de Goya's "The Family of Charles IV", painted in 1800, is a group portrait in the Prado Museum. Goya began sketches in 1800 and completed the final version in 1801. It belonged to the Royal Palace in Madrid and joined the Prado Museum in 1824. Catalogued as P00726, it stands out in room 32. The work, influenced by earlier group portraits, shows Goya's mastery of light and the subtle definition of personalities, evidencing his analytical skill in portraiture.