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Noam Chomsky
For him, the knowledge and skills required to use the language were present in a specific social context and highlight the role of prescriptive grammar (how should be applied the grammar due to the established rules) in each interaction between people. -
Michael Halliday
For him, a series of functions combination allows the effective interchange of meanings through the interactions between people. -
Dell Hymes
He established eight interaction components in linguistics through an acronym named "SPEAKING" where participants, gender, norms, and specific situations make and important part of effective communication. -
William Labov
For him, the social factors interfere in the effective communication of a speaker without forgetting grammar and production complement this process. -
Michael Halliday
He suggested seven functions to allow effective communication through the interaction such us: Instrumental (language as a tool), regulatory (language to control the behavior), interpersonal (language to establish interactions), personal (language to express emotions), heuristic (language to resolve problems), imaginative (language to create), and representative (language to transmit information). -
Henry Widdowson
He presented a mix between linguistic skills and communicative abilities exposing 4 terms and their difference such us: use, usage, significance, and value. -
Canale & Swain
Stablished three competences to allow the communicative competence supporting in Hymes model such us: grammatical (include lexical items and rules of morphology), sociolinguistic (rules to use and apply the discourse) and strategic (highlight the verbal and non- verbal communication) those to remember meanings and no words in effective communication. -
Bachman and Palmer
They propose a reorganization of meanings according to two different components: organizational and pragmatic. The first one has the grammatical and textual parts in which syntax, vocabulary, phonology, and orthography are essential and the second one highlights the heuristic, imagination and how they use the language to achieve the communication. -
Liliana Maturana
She defines as all of those skills and knowledge that a person has and allow them to interact in different contexts effectively including descriptive and prescriptive grammar, interaction, sociocultural context and control.
