Colonialism and Reactions by the Locals By: Alex Young and Evan Nielson APWH per.2
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American Decleration of Independence
The American Revolution started when American colonists from Britain revolted against colonial rule. Popular dissent at laws being imposed upon the colonies and the colonists not being given representation in political matters back in Britain led to american leaders grafting the Decleration of Independence. The British were eventually defeated with combined support from America, and European allies. The loss of the American colonies shocked Britain and led to reforms in British colonial rule. -
British Australia
The first British colony in Asutalia was founded at Sydney Cove in Port Jackson. It was initially set up as a penal colony but after 1851 when gold was discovered brought an influx of settelers. Britain also gave governments subsidies to encourage settlement and by 1860 Austalia had over a million immigrants. This led to bad relations with the indigenous population and by 1980s only about 14% of the aboriginal Austalian remained from 1778. -
Nation of Haiti Founded
Slaves living in the French colony of Saint Domingue were treated very poorly. In 1798 they decided to rebel against the colonial power and succeeded due to Tousaint L'Overture. Eventually Toussaint was captured but the rebels continued to fight and eventually won their independence. This became the second independent nation in the Americas. This was a humiliating defeat for the French. It also showed that colonial powers could be defeated and what happened in the USA was not a fluke. -
British in South Africa
South Africa was originally settled by the Dutch, called Boers, who drove out or enslaved locals and created farms. In 1795, it was seized by the British before returning to Dutch rule in 1803 and then back to Britain in 1806. British government abolished slavery in South Africa, which angered the Boers because it caused them economic problems and they began moving inland. Then, gold and diamonds were discovered in S. Africa in 1867 which partially invoked a rush for Africa. -
Napoleon removes Ferdinand VII from Spanish throne
When Napoleon conquered Spain and took the throne from the Spanish King (this picture shows Napoleon's brother Jospeh who took the throne after Ferdinand was forced to abdicate) it created an identity crisis of wether the spanish colonists were loyal to the King or the nation. After this many colonies began to rise up and revolt against colonial rule and declare their independence. This was the beginning of the end for Spanish colonies in South and Central America. -
Dutch Indonesia
Although the Dutch had been sending missionaries to Indonesia and the Dutch East India Company had captured Indonesian ports for about 200 years, Indonesia was not officially claimed a Dutch colony until 1816. The Dutch treated Indonesia fairly well. Their colonial law recognized Indonesians as Europeans, and allowed them to serve as local administators. Though they encouraged Christianity, they tolerated Muslim religion. Indonesia did not seek independence until after WWII. -
Gran Colombia formed
Popular dissent against colonial rule from people in South America led to a series of revolutions. The influential leader Simon Bolivar was able to unite citizens of these colonies and declare their independence from Spain in 1824. Simon then organized the areas in modern day Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador to form into the country Gran Columbia. This showed that colonies were no longer insterestead in staying colonies and could create their own large nations. -
Monroe Doctrine
This doctrine was crated under President James monroe and effectively put an end to future colinaztion in the americas. It stated that any attempts to colonize in North or South America would be viewed as an act of hostility and would require the U.S. to respons with their military. Thus with the Americas "protected" by the U.S. European countries had to find colonies eleswhere. -
Treaty of Najing
The Qing empire did not like foreigners being in China let alone trading large amounts of opium to their citizens. They then set up restrictions and enfornced them that stopped opium trade. This prompted the British to attack and start the Frist Opium War. The British decimated the Chinese and at the Treaty of Nanjing forced the Qing to ceed Hong Kong making it a British colony in China.This picture shows British steam ships destoying the Chinese ships in the First Opium War. -
French in Algeria
The French invaded Algeria in 1830 but Abd al-Qadir, a devout Sufi religious and political leader, organized resistance and stopped them until 1847. Under French rule, much of Algeria's economy and religious status crumbled, and many Europeans migrated there to take rich farming land from the locals. This angered the native populace and led to bad relations between the French and Algerians. -
British India
During the 1750s, Britain began taking over Indian land. Through a mix of military conquests and internal corruption, Britain came to control much of India and outlawed certain Indian social or religious practices that they found abhorrent. This invoked the Sepoy Rebellion in 1857 which failed by 1858 and India became a British colony. During this period, there was an emphasis on English education, and many Indians had a role in government. However, some Indian radicals still invoked resistance. -
Dominion of Canada Formed
After an armed rebellion in 1837 the British were careful to not lose Canada like the had the American colonies. At first they instituted limited self rule to the provinces. However, this was not enough and the Confederation of 1867 met to unite the Canadian provinces of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. This led to the creation of the Dominion of Canada which made Canada autonomus but still a part of the British Empire. -
British in Egypt
Britain saw Egpyt as a valuable colony because it could provide easy access to profitable India. Originally, British forces were pushed out but their interest returned following the construction of the Suez canal. Egypt's government was in trouble economically which allowed Britain to step in and buy their shares, giving them a lot of power over Egypt. This caused revolts by Egyptians who were defeated at Tel el-Kabir. Egypt became an unofficial colony of Britain, with no control over government -
German Kamerun
One of Germany's first colonies, Germany broke Britain's control along the coast of Africa to claim Kamerun in 1884. Germany then used their colonial power to disrupt the African monoply on trade, and traded directly with the inland. The use of plantation agriculture was also prominent in Kamerun to provide for Germany's economy. Natives were reluctant to work with foreigners, so Germany imposed a harsh forced labor system to run their plantations, and many natives died in the process. -
Belgian Congo
In 1884, the Conference of Berlin awarded Belgium's King Leopold II with the Congo Free State (CFS) provided that he supress slave trade, promote humanitarian policies, and garuntee free trade. However, as Leopold took rule he encouraged slave trade with Arabs, monopolized rubber and ivory trade, and issued decrees that forced natives to serve as serfs under harsh conditions with severe punishment if you did not meet the quota. Angered, uprising from natives were common but were quickly crushed. -
Conference of Berlin
The Conference of Berlin was held in Berlin by Chancellor Otto von Bismark. Although officially it was held to control slave trade and promote the welfare of Africa, its real purpose was to find a way of dividing African territory among powerful European nations, thus ending continuous conflicts between colonies competing for land and power. These new borders paved the way for imperialism, but failed to recognize ethnic boundaries in Africa, causing disorder/anger still felt today among natives. -
Portuguese Angola
Portuguese presence was felt in Angola since the early 16th century during the age of exploration, yet Angola was not officially recognized as a colony of Portugal until 1891 after negotiations in Europe. During this time, the Portuguese converted many of the natives, including the king, to Christianity. Additionally, Portugal used Angola for economical benefits including slave trade and exportation of raw materials. Finally, Portugal did little for educate except teach Portuguese to the natives -
Japanese Taiwan
As Japan's industry and miltary grew it started to become a world power but it did not posses any colonies. Japan and China declared war over and Japan crushed China in a matter of months. Following the Sino-Japanese war (As displayed in the picture) Japan forced China to hand over the island of Taiwan. This began Japan's colonial aspect and showed how quickly a new industrialized nation could enter the world stage. Taiwan natives were not pleased and rebelled but were defeated by Japan. -
French Madagascar
The French invaded and claimed Madagascar in 1883. After the Berlin Conference, other European claims on Madagascar were removed and in 1896, it officially became a French colony. While French presence destroyed the local Merina monarchy, many leaders were recruited as administrators. In addition, French rule supressed slavery. However, much of the Madagascan language and culture was replaced with French education.This created resistance among many natives. -
American Hawaii
In the 1890s America began to be more imperialistic especially in the Pacific Ocean. America was intially on good terms with the native Hawaiians and sent many farmers there to cultivate sugar cane. However these farmers then overthrew the queen of Hawaii and America eventually annexed Hawaii. This was ironic because Ameica had intially been a colony but revolted due to a dislike of colonial rule and now it was creating its own colonies and empire much like the British had done to them.
