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Plessy v. Fergusson
In 1896 a case was held within the US Supreme Court to adhere a constitutional violation "separate but equal." African American train passenger Homer Plessy, refused to sit within a Jim crow car in which he violated a Louisiana law. Plessy constituted that his rights have been violated. The 13th and 14th Amendments were violated truly through constitutional statements. The higher court ruled that rights were violated.
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Congress of Racial Equality
Congress of racial equality (CORE) was founded in 1942. it is an organization that preforms American Civil Rights protections. Other Civil Rights groups have joined with CORE to fight racial segregation. In the late 60's CORE began to fight political ideology of black nationalism and separatism. CORE was mostly present in the north and had a few leaders within the south. CORE fought using a non-violent strategy.
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Jackie Robinsn
Jackie Robinson was born January 31st 1919. He broke the color barrier when he became the first black athlete to play Major League Baseball in the 20th century. At first he was playing in the Negro leagues but then in 1946 he was drafted to the Montreal Royals, a farm team for the Brooklyn Dodgers. Jackie played his fist game for the Dodger on April 15, 1947 making history as he was the first Negro to play in the major leagues.
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Sweatt v. Painter
Heman Sweatt sought admission to the University of Texas Law School in 1946, but his application was rejected solely because of his race. The Supreme Court reversed in favor of Sweatt, reasoning that the State of Texas had not provided him with opportunities to study law that were “substantially equal” to those afforded to White students. The Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment required Sweatt's admission to the University of Texas Law School.
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Brown v. Board of Education
This case was the consolidation of four cases arising in separate states relating to the segregation of public schools on the basis of race. “separate but equal” doctrine.
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Montgomery bus Boycott
Four days before the boycott began, Rosa Parks, an African-American woman, refused to yield her seat to a white man on a Montgomery bus. She was arrested and fined. Approximately 40,000 African-American bus riders–the majority of the city’s black bus riders–boycotted the system the next day.Montgomery’s buses were integrated on December 21, 1956, and the boycott ended. It had lasted 381 days.
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"The Southern Manifesto"
It marked a moment of southern defiance against the Supreme Court’s 1954 landmark Brown v. the Board of Education. Which determined that separate school facilities for black and white school children were inherently unequal. The Manifesto attacked Brown as an abuse of judicial power that trespassed upon states’ rights. It urged southerners to exhaust all “lawful means” to resist the “chaos and confusion” that would result from school desegregation.
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Southern Christian Leadership Conferance
The very beginnings of the SCLC can be traced back to the Montgomery Bus Boycott. SCLC is a now a nation wide organization made up of chapters and affiliates with programs that affect the lives of all Americans: north, south, east and west. Its sphere of influence and interests has become international in scope because the human rights movement transcends national boundaries.
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Little Rock - Central High School
Little Rock Central High School is recognized for the role it played in the desegregation of public schools in the United States. President Dwight D. Eisenhower sent in federal troops to escort the “Little Rock Nine” into the school, and they started their first full day of classes on September 25. Minnijean Brown, Elizabeth Eckford, Ernest Green, Thelma Mothershed, Melba Patillo, Gloria Ray, Terrence Roberts, Jefferson Thomas, and Carlotta Walls.
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Greenboro Sit-In
The Greensboro sit-ins were a series of nonviolent protests in Greensboro, North Carolina, in 1960, which led to the Woolworth department store chain removing its policy of racial segregation in the Southern United States. They were influenced by the non-violent protest techniques practiced by Mohandas Gandhi.
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Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
Formed to give younger blacks more of a voice in the civil rights movement. Was a large part in the Freedom Rides aimed at desegregating buses and in the marches organized by King and SCLC. The fires and disorders that followed in the summer of 1967 led to Brown’s arrest for incitement to riot, and SNCC disbanded shortly thereafter as the civil rights movement itself splintered.
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"Freedom Rides"
On May 4, 1961, a group of 13 African-American and white civil rights activists launched the Freedom Rides, a series of bus trips through the American South to protest segregation in interstate bus terminals. The group encountered tremendous violence from white protestors along the route. John Lewis was one of the original group of 13 Freedom Riders.
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"Letter from Birmingham Jail"
Author: King, Martin Luther, Jr. Addressed to several clergymen who had written an open letter criticizing the actions of Dr. King and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. He provides a moral reason for his presence, saying that he came to Birmingham to battle “injustice.”
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Medger Evers
He served in World War II before going to work for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). Evers was subjected to threats as the most visible civil rights leader in the state, and he was shot to death in June 1963.
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March on Washington
More than 200,000 Americans gathered in Washington, D.C., for a political rally known as the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. The march, which became a key moment in the growing struggle for civil rights in the United States, culminated in Martin Luther King Jr.’s “I Have a Dream” speech, a spirited call for racial justice and equality. President John F. Kennedy showed as little enthusiasm for the march as had Roosevelt.
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Bombing of Birmingham Church
On September 15, a bomb exploded before Sunday morning services at the 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama–a church with a predominantly black congregation that served as a meeting place for civil rights leaders. KKK members had routinely called in bomb threats intended to disrupt civil rights meetings. when the bomb detonated on the church’s east side, spraying mortar and bricks from the front of the church and caving in its interior walls.
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Twenty-Fourth Amendment
Section 1
The right of citizens of the United States to vote in any primary or other election for President or Vice President, for electors for President or Vice President, or for Senator or Representative in Congress, shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any State by reason of failure to pay poll tax or other tax.
Section 2
The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
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Mississippi Freedom Summer
C.O.R.E & S.N.C.C organized a voter registration drive, known as the Mississippi Summer Project, or Freedom Summer, aimed at dramatically increasing voter registration in Mississippi. About a hundred white college students had helped C.O.F.O register voters in November 1963. The events of Freedom Summer deepened the division between those in the civil rights movement who still believed in integration and nonviolence.
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Civil Rights Acts Passed
Ended segregation in public places and banned employment discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin. Lyndon B. Johnson immediately took up the cause. The bill then moved to the Senate, where southern and border state Democrats staged a 75-day filibuster. Johnson signed it into law on July 2, 1964.
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Malcolm X Assassinated
African American nationalist and religious leader, is assassinated by rival Black Muslims while addressing his Organization of Afro-American Unity at the Audubon Ballroom in Washington Heights. On February 21, 1965, one week after his home was firebombed, Malcolm X was shot to death by Nation of Islam members while speaking at a rally of his organization in New York City.
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Selma to Montgomery March
That March, protesters attempting to march from Selma to the state capital of Montgomery were met with violent resistance by state and local authorities. King himself led another attempt but turned the marchers around when state troopers blocked the road. Nearly 50,000 supporters–black and white–met the marchers in Montgomery, where they gathered in front of the state capitol to hear King and other speakers including Ralph Bunche.
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Voting Rights Act Passed
Aimed to overcome legal barriers at the state and local levels that prevented African Americans from exercising their right to vote under the 15th Amendment (1870) to the Constitution of the United States. The voting rights bill was passed in the U.S. Senate by a 77-19 vote. Although the Voting Rights Act passed, state and local enforcement of the law was weak and it often was ignored outright.
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James Meredith
Becoming active in the Republican Party, in 1967 Meredith unsuccessfully ran for Adam Clayton Powell Jr.'s seat in the U.S. House of Representatives. In 1972 he ran for a seat in the Senate, losing to Democratic incumbent James Eastland. Despite these losses, Meredith remained active in politics and from 1989 to 1991 served as a domestic adviser Jesse Helms, despite the senator's poor history regarding civil rights.
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Black Panthers
The Black Panther Party for Self-Defense became the most widely known black militant political organization of the late 1960s. In August 1967 the FBI targeted the Panthers when it launched its COINTELPRO operations designed to prevent "a coalition of militant black nationalist groups" and the emergence of a "black messiah" "who might unify and electrify these violence-prone elements.
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King Assassinated
Shock waves reverberated around the world with the news that U.S. civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. had been assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Shock and distress over the news of King’s death sparked rioting in more than 100 cities around the country.
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