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Formation Of the United Nation
-The bankers and corporations created the United Nations. This was an excuse to unite the world. In reality this was to gain control of the world. This happened after World War 2 -They slowly gained control of the world by creating policies for the whole world. Later on they found ways to manipulate and gain control of the 3rd world. Thus them having all the resources. -
Period: to
Cold War
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Potsdam Conference
-The Potsdam Conference is one of the two last conferences of World War 2. Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin, were the so called “Big Three”.
-America was represented by Harry Truman. The Soviet Union was still represented by Stalin and Britain.
There were many issues discussed in the conference, but however by the time it was finished American still haven’t used the atomic bomb on Hiroshima. This meant that Stalin could afford to be forceful and confident of getting what he wanted. -
Potsdam Conference
-Some of the issues that were discussed were allied control of defeated Germany, reparations, the Oder/Neisse Line, Russia joining the war in the Far East.
-This was held from July 16th, 1945 to August 2nd 1945 -
Dissolving of the Soviet Union
-The Soviet Union was dissolved on December 24 1991. At this time Mikhail Gorbachev announced resignation. The Soviet Union divided up into 15 separate independent countries including Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan -
Dissolving of the Soviet Union
-When Mikhail Gorbachev took over, the Soviet Union economy was in bad shape. His idea was to reform the economy and modernize the political situation in the country. He was elected General Secretary of the Soviet in 1985. -
Iron Curtain Descends on Europe
-Between the Eastern and Western countries there was the Iron Curtain fence that stretched for thousands of kilometers to separate the both countries. This was really strong in Germany where the berlin wall became an unmistakable symbol of the iron curtain division.
-The boundary that separated the Warsaw Pact countries from the NATO countries is called the Iron Curtain. This happened from about 1945 until the end of the Cold War in 1991. -
Iron Curtain Descends on Europe
-The Iran Contra Affair began as an internal U.S. confrontation between Ronald Reagan and the Democratic Congress -
Truman Doctrine
-“Containment” was the central idea containing the communists in Eastern Europe. Preventing Communism from spreading was the Truman Doctrine idea that the United States would intervene to try to stop it.
-The United States provided military aid to force fighting the Communists in 1947, this started in Greece and Turkey -
Trumen Doctrine
-The Berlin airlift when the Russians tried to block access to the city of Berlin in 1948
-An example of the Vietnam War was the Korean War in which the United States fought Communist China and North Korea -
Marshall Plan
-Rebuilding and creating a stronger foundation for the allied countries of Europe and repelling communism after World War 2 was the primary plan of the United States
-The Marshall Plan was economic aid from USA to Europe to help rebuild the infrastructure and economy of the continent after WW2 -
Marshall Plan
The Marshal Plan purpose was to prevent the spread of communisms un Europe, this showed the population that capitalism could offer more in the way of economic growth and recovery communism, thus dissuading the people in western Europe from turning to communism as a form of government. -
Creation OF Israel
-The United Nations General Assembly voted 33 to 13. 10 abstentions in favor of a partition plan that created the State of Israel on November 29 1947
-War broke out between the Arabs and Jews soon after the British relinquished their mandate over Palestine in 1948. The Arab-Israeli war established the state of Israel as an independent state
-Israel signed separate cease-fire agreements with Egypt on February 24 1949. Lebanon signed on March 23 and the Transjordan signed on April. -
Berlin Airlift
-On June 24 1948 the soviets blocked all rail and road traffic to Berlin because they wanted to control Sterlin. They wanted it to fall under control so they shut of berlin from external supplies and food.
-The west sent supplies through roads but the only way in was to fly. The soviets stopped all traffic going in and out of the city. -
Berlin Airlift
-When the blockade first started, the city of Berlin had around 36 days’ worth of food. They also needed tons of coal for energy and other items such as medical supplies.
-The next ten months the U.S. and Great Britain carried over 2.3 million tons of supplies into the city of Berlin, it took them about 277,000 thousand flights to bring the supplies. Finally the Soviet Union stopped the blockade and the airlift was over on May 12 1949. -
Berlin Airlift
-The only option the west could send supplies was to try and fly in all the supplies. There were over 2 million people who lived in the city. The estimation by the army said that it would take over 1500 tons of food each day to keep all the people alive.
-Berlin had only around 36 days’ worth of food when the blockade first started not only did they need food they also needed tons of coal for energy and other items such as medical supplies. -
Formation of NATO
-Because of the expansion of the Communist it cause the United States and 11 other Western nations to form the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in 1949.
-All members would work together to assist and defend each other against all forms of aggression this was the purpose of NATO.
-The NATO was designed to provide strong military forces to balance the threat from the Soviet Union and the United States and Canada were expected to maintain forces in Europe as their commitment to western security. -
Korean War
-Finally, in July 1953, the Korean War came to an end, the result was a three year war in the peninsula. 5 million soldiers and civilians lost their lives during the war. To this day the Korean peninsula is still divided.
-The Korean War as really short but extremely bloody. Nearly 5 million people died more than half of these people that died were civilians, nearly 40,000 Americans died and more than 100,000 were wounded. -
Korean War
-Kin Song, leader of North Korea desired to unify the peninsula under Communist rule. The peninsula had been one country before World War 2. The UN decided to draw a line between 38th parallel. This would avoid conflict between the US and the soviet. The Soviets and the US troops both sides became increasingly different in their governing systems, because the Soviets was occupying the northern side and the US troops were occupying the southern side. -
Stalin Dies
-Stalin died on March 5 1953. He was 74 after he suffered a stroke. He grew increasingly paranoid in his later years.
-Stalin’s body was embalmed and preserved in Lenin’s mausoleum in Moscow’s Red Square unit 1961. His body was removed and buried near the kremlin walls as part of the de-Stalinization and the process initiated by Satins successor Nikita Khrushev -
Warsaw Pact Formed
-The Warsaw pact included the Soviet Union Albania Poland Romania Hungary East Germany Czechoslovakia and Bulgaria. This was so named because the treaty was signed in Warsaw
-Until 1991 the Warsaw pact remained intact. The Soviet Union made aircraft tanks and guns were used throughout the Warsaw pact. The decisions that was made in Moscow dominated the military command -
Warsaw Pact Formed
-IISS claimed that in 1983, the Warsaw Pact had 1,714,000 ground forces, 85 divisions, 25,490 main battle tanks, 1,787 anti-tank guided weapon launchers, 190 submarines -
Suez Crisis
-On October 26 1956 the Israelis first struck. 2 days after the british and the French military forces joined them.
-The forces from three different countires were originally going to set to strike at once. However the British and the the French troops were delayed.
-Nikita Khrushchev railed against th invasion, he also threatened to rain down nuclear missile on Western Europe thats if the Israeli-French-British force did not widraw.
-Brithsh and French forces withdrew by December. -
Vietnam War
-The Vietnamese waged an anti -colonel war against France, they received 2.6 billion in financial support from the United States. All between 1945 and 1954.
-The French defeated the Dien Bien Phu, later on it as followed by a peace conference in Geneva. Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnams received their independence as a result of the conference. Also Vietnams was temporarily divided between an anti-Communist South and a Communist North -
Vietnam War
-After the war, a huge number of people were lost. The estimate number of Vietnamese service members and civilians killed vary from 800,000 t0 3.1 million. 200,00 to 300,00 were Cambodians, 20,000 to 200,00 were Laotians and about 58,200 U.S. service members also died in the conlict. -
Sputnik1 and sputnik 2
-Sputnik 1 was the first artificial satellite successfully placed in orbit around the Earth. It was launched from Baikonur Cosmodrome at Tyuratam (370 km southwest of the small town of Baikonur) in Kazakhstan, then part of the former Soviet Union. The Russian word "Sputnik" means "companion -
Sputnik1 and sputnik 2
-The Sputnik 1 satellite was a 58.0 cm-diameter aluminum sphere that carried four whip-like antennas that were 2.4-2.9 m long. The antennas looked like long "whiskers" pointing to one side. The spacecraft obtained data pertaining to the density of the upper layers of the atmosphere and the propagation of radio signals in the ionosphere
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Sputnik1 and sputnik 2
Sputnik 2 was the second spacecraft launched into Earth orbit and was the first biological to contain a passenger. It was a 4 m high cone-shaped capsule with a base diameter of 2 m. It contained several compartments for radio transmitters, a telemetry system, a programming unit, a regeneration and temperature control system for the cabin, and scientific instruments
The orbit of Sputnik 2 decayed and it reentered Earth's atmosphere on April 14, 1958 after 162 days in orbit. -
NASA is Formed
-On October 1 1958 the conger and the president of the United States created the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
-When President Dwight D. Eisenhower approved a plan to orbit a scientific satellite as part of the International Geophysical year this was a big step forward. For the period July 1 1957 to December 31 1958 an effort to gather scientific data about the earth. Plans to orbit its own satellite was quickly announced by the Soviet Union. -
NASA is Formed
-In 1981 the human space flight again resumed with the Space Shuttle Program. This continues today to help build the International Space Station
-The way we view our home planet changed but the NASA’s Earth Science efforts. -
Bay of Pigs Invasion
-On the South coast of Cuba, about 1,500 Cuban exiles landed in the Bahias de Cochinos.
-The rebels tried to overthrow the communist regime of Fidel Castro. The rebels also intended to foment an insurrection in Cuba.
-By April 20 the rebels was easily defeated but the Cuban army, most were killed or captured -
Bay of Pigs Invasion
-Cuban exile leader Jose Miro Cardona blamed the failure on the CIA. Jose Miro was the president of the U.S.- based National Revolutionary Council. He also blamed the refusal of Kennedy to authorize air cover for the invasion force.
-Fidel Castro released 1113 rebels that were captured by him in exchange for $53 million in food and medicine raised by private donations in the U.S on December 1962 -
Berlin Wall Constructed
-The communist government of East Berlin was who build the Berlin Wall in 1961.On August 12th and 13th of 1961 they built the wall, but it first started out as a barbed wired fence, later on it was built to be 12 feet high and four inches wide.
-The Berlin wall was built because it prevented people from feeing east Berlin. They were loosing to many people. -
Berlin Wall Constructed
-Germany divided into two countries after world war 2. People didnt want to live in Eastern Germany because they did not want to live under the rule of communism and the Soviet Union. The people would start to leave and move to the west, they were called defectors. -
Cuban Missile Crisis
-Over the Island country of Cuba a U-2 spy plane was flying over and they discovered nuclear missile sites under construction, this missiles would have been capable of quickly reaching the United States, On October 14 1972
-A small group of senior officials to debate the crisis known as the ExComm made by President Kennedy. They met continuously for the next 2 weeks. The missiles would have been capable of reaching the United States -
Cuban Missile Crisis
-Kennedy ordered a naval blockade of Cuba and all of the United States military forces to DEFCON3 eight days later. The Polaris submarines were dispatched, the ICBMs were already prepared to be launched and the B-52 bombers were placed on alert. Khrushchev announced that they were withdrawing the missiles from Cuba on October 28. The U.S. quietly removed the missiles from turkey. These missiles threatened the Soviet Union. The crisis regarded as the closest the world has come to a nuclear exchan -
Kennedy Is Assissinated
-President Kennedy was traveling in an open top car through the streets of Dallas. All of a sudden 3 rifle loud shots rang through the air. These shots were shot from a nearby Book Depository building from the sixth floor
-In a nearby Parkland Memorial Hospital Kennedy was rushed to this hospital. Here the surgeons tried in vain to save his life. Unfortunately the third bullet had killed him.
-Kennedy was 46 years old and the 35th president of the United States at 1pm he was pronounced dead. -
Kennedy Is Assissinated
-Lee Harvey Oswald was arrested for the Kennedys murder. He was a disaffected former US Marine who once tried to defect the Soviet Union -
USS Pueblo Incident
- January 23 1968 the Koreans captured the USS Pueblo and the U.S. Navy was the first ship to be hijacked by a foreign military on the high seas in over 150 years
- Much of the materials on board that the crew try to destroy, a ot of the undestroyed ones fell into North Korean hands when the ship was captured by them -There were not enough weighed bags to toss alll the secret material overboard, The Navy tried burning all the documents in the waste baskets but the smoke quickly filled the cabins
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USS Pueblo Incident
The remaining crew were taken as prisoners. Koreans shot one and he died. The Koreans would beat them until they would say what the Koreans wanted to hear -
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
The Nuclear Non Proliferation treaty was a landmark international treaty whose objective is to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons. Also weapons technology to promote cooperation in peaceful uses of nuclear energy and to further the goal of achieving nuclear disarmament and general and complete disarmament. -
Nuclear Non Proliferation treaty
-This is the largest of any arms control treaty in the world, because the membership includes 188 States Parties.
-The Treaty is underpinned by three “pillars”—nuclear nonproliferation, disarmament, and the peaceful use of nuclear energy—and is regarded as the legal and political cornerstone of the nuclear nonproliferation regime
-The President also called on NPT parties to take steps to strengthen this vital nonproliferation instrument. -
UN Resolution 2758
-The UN General Assembly paused the United Nations Resolution 2758 on October 25 1971. This stated that the People’s Republic of China is the only legitimate government of china.
-The restoration of the lawful rights of the People’s Republic of China is both for protection if the charter of the United Nations and the cause that United Nations must serve under the Charter -
Nixon Visits China
-When Nixon is visiting China he meets with Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai. Nixon and Zhou came to an agreement on expanding cultural contacts between their two nations
-Plans for a permanent U.S. trade mission in china was established by Nixon
-The audiences on American television broke into a spectacular parade of images from China because the first they had seem in over twenty years. -
Salt 1 and Salt 2 Agreements:
-During November 1969 to May 1972 the Soviet Union negotiated the first agreements to place limits and restraints on some of their central and most important armaments.
-Intercontinental ballistic missiles, submarine-launched ballistic missiles and heavy bomber were all increase limits by the second Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty -
Paris Peace Accords
-North and South Vietnam, Viet Cong and the United States all formally signed the Agreement Ending the War and also Restoring Peace in Vietnam, all this happened in Paris. -United States agreed that they would withdrawal all of the 23,700 U.S. troops and advisors and also the dismantling of all U.S. bases within 60 days. The settlement included a cease-fire throughout Vietnam. Thus causing the United States to take out the troops. -
Paris Peace Accords
-Both Laos and Cambodia agreed to withdrawal all foreign troops. Also the prohibition of bases in and troop movements though these countries
-Lt. Col. William B. Nolde was killed by an artillery shell. He was killed at a location 60 miles northwest Saigon. Only 11 hours before the truce went into effect. Lt. Col. William B. Nolde was the last U.S. serviceman to die in combat in Vietnam. -
South Vietnam Falls
-The South Vietnam was forced to surrender and bring about an end to the Vietnam War by the communist North Vietnamese and Viet Cong. They also captured the South Vietnamese capital of Saigon thus forcing them to end the war.
-The Communist North Vietnam government reunited the control of both north and South Vietnam
-By the end of 1973 the fighting resumed and as the Viet Cong still had about 150,00 men positioned in South Vietnam and renewed offensives. -
Iran Hostage Crisis
-Administration looked weak and ineffectual because the crisis dominated the headlines and news broadcast. -
Iran Hostage Crisis
-More than 50 Americans were seized and detained as hostages from the Iranian students. Most junior members of the staff were held as hostages. This happened on November 4, 1979.
-The American diplomat’s hostage were held by the Iranians for 444 days. The Iran hostage crisis undermined Carters conduct of foreign policy, while the courage of the American hostages in Tehran and of their families at home reflected the best tradition of the Department of State. -
USSR Invades Afghanistan
-Hazifullah Amin was a prime minister and he tried to sweep aside Muslim tradition within the nation. He also wanted a more western slant to Afghanistan. However Muslim belief was a strong tradition in the country, many people in Afghanistan were outraged by this.
-Many Muslim leaders had fled the capital and gone to the mountains to escape Amin’s police, thousands of other Muslim leaders had been arrested -
USSR Invades Afghanistan
75% of Afghanistan and despite fighting the might of the world’s second most powerful military power was already controlled by Mujahdeen by 1982. -
U.S. and Soviet Boycotts of the Olympics
-Competitive Sports were seen as tools of capitalism. Not just sports but all the things that were seen as tools of capitalism. This was the start of the Soviet Union
-The Soviet Union refused to participate in the international Olympic sports because of capitalism -
US and soviet boycotts of the Olympics
-Until 1952 the Soviet Union didn’t join the Olympic games due to World War 2.
-The Olympic showed how foreign relations evolved between the USSR and the other nations of the world, but not only had they displayed the political setting inside the Soviet Union. -
Korean Airline Flight 007
-In New York City a Korean Airlines flight 007 was on the last flight from NYC to Seoul. Including a stopover in Anchorage Alaska. On September 1 1983. -When the plane was arriving at its final destination the plane began to go off the normal course. The plane flew into Russian airspace in just a short time. The plane crossed over the Kamchatka Peninsula. Here there were some top secret Soviet Military installations were known to be located -
Korean Airline Flight 007
-While two soviet fighters tried locating the plane they used the tapes and the conversation between the fighter pilots and the soviet ground control. The two fighters located the KAL flight. They tried to make contact the passenger jet. They failed to receive a response but one of the fighters fired a heat seeking missile. The plane KAL 007 was hit and fell into the Sea of Japan. Everyone one on board-269 people- were killed. -
U.S. Invades Grenada
-Six days after the Prime Minister Maurice Bishop was executed by Coards on October 25 1983, the U.S. armed forces landed troops on the beaches of Grenada -
U.S. Invades Gernada
-A truck bomb exploded on October 23 while the posturing was going on in the Caribbean. Half of the world is away in Beirut Lebanon, killing 241 American marines. The incident was a major embarrassment to the United States.
-Maurice Bishop was a well-liked and educated leftist in March 1979. He led a bloodless coup to usurp control of the Grenadian government. -
U.S. Invades Grenada
-In 1983 the United States invaded the island of Grenada and Overthrew the communist government in favor of a pro-Western one in a span of less than two months.
-Marxist Bernard Coard which was Bishops deputy prime minister and erstwhile friend felt that Bishop didn’t operate far enough to the left on October 19 1983. Coard seized power in a bloody coup. He then executed Bishop but he didn’t just execute him he also executed the members of his inner circle. -
Chernobyl Disaster
-Some of the long terms that people will experience of radiation are cancers, cataracts, and cardiovascular disease, all these complications will kill thousands of people. -
Chernobyl Disaster
-On April 26th 1986 at 1:36am the nuclear power plant exploded near Chernobyl Ukraine. It released more than a hundred times the radiation of the bombs dropped in Hiroshima and Ngasaki.
-Shortly after the explosion 31 people died and thousands more are expected to die from the long term effects of radiation.
-The radiation of Chernobyl disaster was 100 times more powerful than the atomic bombs that were dropped on Nagasaki and Hiroshima. -
Iran Contra Affair
-The Iran Contra Affair began as an internal U.S. confrontation between Ronald Reagan and the Democratic Congress
-The CIA and Department of Defense could not give militaristic aid, this was said in the Boland Amendment that was passed in 1984.
-Reagan hoped that if the United States were to supply Iran with military supplies and weapons the relationship with the Iran may grow stronger. In turn would lead to improved relations with Lebanon and a stronger U.S. position in the Middle East. -
Tiananmen Square Massacre
-In the center of Beijing, Chinese storm troop’s storm through the Tiananmen Square. The Chinese troops killing and arresting thousands of pro-democracy protesters. The west was shocked by such brutality by the Chinese government assault on the protesters and brought denunciations and sanctions from the U.S.
-they started firing indiscriminately into the crowds of protesters. -
Tiananmen Square Massacre
-Thousands of young students tried to escape the Chinese forces. Some protesters fought back trying to stone the attacking troops, also overturning and setting fire to military vehicles.
-At least 300 and maybe perhaps thousands of the protesters had been killed and as many as 10,000 were arrested according the reporters and Western diplomats on the scene
