Civilisation LLCE

By Alexgbrd
  • 55 BCE

    The first attempt of Invasion

    Julius Caesar tried to invade Britain in 55 BC. But he failed.
  • 43

    The First successful Invasion

    The Romans managed to invade the Island. The emperor was Claudius at that time. He was succesfull even though there was a great deal of resistance especially in Whales. The emperor annexed Britain to the Roman Empire.
  • Period: 43 to 409

    Roman Britain

  • 78

    Total control of the territory

    The Romans controled both England and Whales. They were successful probably because they were a lot of different Celtic tribes that didn't help each other or organised against the Romans. Nevertheless, there were famous episodes such as “The revolt of Queen Boudica” One of the leaders of a Celtic tribe reffered to as The Iceni. Her husband was killed and her daughters raped so she called for a revolution. Her revolution nearly succeeded at driving the Romans away but she eventually failed.
  • 122

    Hadrian's wall

    To prevent invasion from the North, the Emperor Hadrian decided to have a wall built between Scotland and England in 122 and this wall is still known as Hadrian's wall.
    However, forts and outposts were also built to watch and prevent any atempt of invasion. This fortified border stretched over 73 miles (117kms) from coast to coast.
  • 142

    The second wall

    The Romans tried once again to go further North, they eventually succeeded and built Antonine wall in 142 but this one wasn't built with stones so it wansn't as solid as Hadrian's one. These two walls were erected to prevent the invasion, but they also allowed the Celts to remain where they have always been and they weren't disturbed by the Romans.
  • Period: 400 to 1066

    Invasions

  • 409

    The departure

  • Period: 500 to 600

    Anglo-Saxons Invasions

  • 597

    The evangelism of Britains

    The Pope, who was in Rome, decided that it was necessary to evangelize England. This was clearly the first systematic attempt to do so he sent his missionaries to England, who were led by a monk named Augustine (who was to become Saint) to evangelize Great Britain. Augustine was also advised to develop an ecclesiastic hierarchy,( i.e. priests, bishops and archbishops.) The Pope decided that they would keep the pagans' temples, giving the impression they could
    keep part of their religion.
  • 710

    The Gaelic Church

    The Gaelic Church acknowledged the Pope.
    First of all, because monasteries developed, and as monasteries developed, Latin was taught again. As a result, the language was bound to evolve: Anglo-Saxon met Latin.
  • 790

    The emergence of the three kingdoms

  • Period: 800 to 900

    The Scandinavian Invasions

  • Period: 849 to 899

    King Alfred

    King Alfred was the King of Wessex. He managed to keep his territories against the Vikings. He truly considered himself as the English King. Nowadays, he is known as Alfred the Great. He established forts and outposts along his border, developed what could be seen as the first Navy and managed to develop a military defensive system. He even revived learning and education, choosing to have a lot of the Latin books translated to English, which is obviously why he is now known as the Great.
  • Period: 959 to 975

    King Edgar

    Edgar ruled over Mercia, Northumbria, and Wessex. He managed to (re)unite the Anglo-Saxons, the Dans and the Norwegians; he defended Christianity and revived the English Church: new monasteries were founded. His reign is considered as the Golden Age of the Anglo-Saxon culture. From an administrative point of view, a system of counties (or shires) was created, it corresponds more or less to the counties of nowadays.
  • 973

    King Edgar is crowned

    Edgar became “the first ruler to be crowned as King of the Anglo-Saxons, and this was crucial in the formation of the unified English nation.”
  • 1042

    Edward the confessor

  • 1066

    Battle of Hastings

  • Period: 1066 to 1509

    The Middles-Ages

  • 1087

    The feudal system

  • Period: 1087 to 1400

    The feudal system

  • Period: 1100 to 1200

    Literary works

    Literary works were written in Latin or French during the 12s and 13s — it was no longer the case at the end of the 14s
  • 1154

    Henry II

    Henry Plantagenet became King of England and was named Henry II. By being King of England, Wales, Brittany, Normandy, Anjou and Aquitaine, Henry had more lands than the French king.
    As a result of the links with France, cultural consequences happened, and they impacted on the language: the elite spoke French after William's Conquest, which was not the case with the peasant, but only nobles, knights and the King's tributors.
  • 1189

    Richard Lionheart

  • 1199

    John Lackland

  • 1215

    Magna Carta

    Magna Carta is the first document to set out limits to the royal authority: there were 63 main clauses, most of them dealing with details of feudal rights, administration of justice.
    Most of the clauses today are not valid, but 3 still remain: one of them concerns the privileges of the City of London, the second is about the Church and the third one stipulates that: “No men shall be imprisoned, dispossessed, outlawed, or exiled without the lawful judgment of his equals.
  • 1277

    Wales lost his Independence

    Wales lost its independence with the Treaty of Aberconwy. The language spoken remained the Welsh, but there was no longer an independent kingdom in Wales
  • Period: 1300 to 1400

    Series of conflicts

    The English felt entitled to Normandy, but John had lost it with Anjou — this feeling started a series of conflicts throughout the 14° and 15° between France and England.
  • Period: 1327 to 1360

    Wars with France 1/2

  • Period: 1337 to 1453

    4th phases of War

  • Period: 1337 to 1360

    First:

    The English succeeded under the command of Edward III from 1337 to 1360, and Aquitaine still belonged to the English monarch
  • 1346

    The Black Death

    During the wars, England and France were devastated by the Black Death; in England.
  • Period: 1346 to 1353

    The Black Death

    It started in 1346. The pandemic lasted for seven years, in 1353, 40% of the English population had died: the population went from 5 to 6 million to 3 to 4. London, before the Plague, had 70,000 inhabitants which fell around 30,000 after and it is estimated that two-thirds of the clergy died.
    England had needed two centuries to recover from it.
  • 1349

    The First Statute of Labourers

    King Edward III tried to prevent the increases of the wages by passing in 1349 the First Statute of Labourers – also called the Ordinance of Labourers – which prohibited the increases but also the movements of peasants from their home area in search of improved conditions.
  • 1351

    The Second Statute of Labourers

    As the First Statute of Labourers was not successful, the Parliament amended it and passed the Second Statute of Labourers in 1351 — it was, after all, a serious matter.
    In England, the two statute are considered as the first laws about Labour.
    Many peasants, after searching for lands that had increased wages, refused to lose the privilege they acquired and became more rebellious, leading to the emergence of yeamen.
  • Period: 1360 to 1400

    Second:

    France succeeded and drove out England, starting 1360 till 1400.
  • 1381

    The Great Rising

    These new smallholders refused to pay another tax imposed on men by the King and the Parliament in order to gain money for the war against France, creating a popular uprising in 1381, the first and only one during the Middle-Ages, known as the Great Rising.
    They were numerous, but not powerful, and so were rapidly quelled.
  • 1397

    The First English writers

    Some men of letters decided to write in English, men such as Chaucer with the Canterbury Tales.
    He is still considered as one the first English writers.
  • Period: 1400 to 1429

    Third:

    Under Henry V of England, the English were victorious from 1400 to 1429.
  • Period: 1420 to 1453

    Wars with France 2/2

  • Period: 1429 to 1453

    Fourth

    From 1429 to 1453, the French united under the Valois Kings.
  • 1450

    End of the feudal system

    The feudal system started to demise in the 14° — one of the reasons being the wars with France.
    The 15th century put an end to the feudal system and its villeinage — a long-term consequence of the Black Death, the Hundred-Years War and the development of town and commerce.
  • Period: 1450 to 1487

    Crises of succession: the War of the Roses

  • 1453

    One territory in France was under English rule

    Only one territory in France was under English rule: Calais.
    England then — and still — owned the Channel Islands
  • 1453

    End of the war with France

    In 1453, the war with France was over — but it didn't mean peace and stability in England.
  • 1483

    Richard III ceased the throne

    During a series of battles, no party had been decisive enough, until Richard III ceased the throne by force in 1483. He has been said to have murdered his wards and nephews, the Princes of the Tower, in order to secure his hold on the throne.
    There is a play, written by Shakespeare, about it: Richard III
  • 1485

    Henry VIII ceased the throne

    Henry VIII ceased the throne by force, waging war against Richard
  • 1485

    The House of Tudor

    In 1485, the House of Tudor replaced the House of Plantagenet, merging the two roses into the Tudor rose, and paving the way for a new dynasty — and a new age.
  • 1486

    End of the War of the Roses

    Henry of the House of Lancaster had been clever enough to marry Elizabeth of York in 1486, which meant that the two houses became reunited and so the end of the War of the Roses.