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Abolition
-The movement to abolish slavery forever.
-Became one of the most important US movements ever. -
Missouri Compromise
-Maine admitted as a free state.
-Missouri admitted as a slave state.
-36'30'' in Lousiana - South of the line, slavery was legal. North of the line (except in MIssouri) slavery was illegal.
-James Monroe was president during this time. -
Santa Fe Trail
The settlers and traders who made the trek
west used a series of old Native American trails as well as new
routes. One of the busiest routes was the Santa Fe Trail,
which stretched 780 miles from Independence, Missouri, to
Santa Fe in the Mexican province of New Mexico. -
San Felipe de Austin
-In land grant from Spain allowing Moses Austin to establish a colony between the Brazos and Colorado rivers but died before he was able to carry out his plans. Stephen obtained permission, first from Spain and then from Mexico after it had won its independence, to carry out his father’s project. In 1821 he established a colony where “no drunkard, no gambler, no profane swearer, and no idler” would be allowed.The main settlement of the colony was named San Felipe de Austin, in Stephen’s honor. -
Mexico abolishes slavery
-Despite peaceful cooperation between Anglos and
Tejanos, differences over cultural issues intensified between Anglos and the Mexican government. The overwhelmingly Protestant Anglo settlers spoke English instead of Spanish. Furthermore, many of the settlers were Southerners, who had brought slaves with them to Texas. Mexico, which had abolished slavery in 1829, insisted in vain that the Texans free their slaves. -
The Liberator
-Written by William Lloyd Garrison
-Paper was started to demand immediate emancipation. -
Nat Turner's Rebellion
-Protested against condition of bondage
-Turner & 50+ followers attacked 4 plantations and killed ~50 whites.
-All members eventually caught and executed -
Stephen F. Austin goes to jail
-Austin had traveled to Mexico City late in 1833 to present petitions to Mexican president Antonio López de Santa Anna for greater self-government for Texas. While Austin was on his way home, Santa Anna had Austin imprisoned for inciting revolution. After Santa Anna suspended local powers in Texas and other Mexican states, several rebellions broke out, including one that would be known as the Texas Revolution.
When Austin returned to Texas in 1835, convinced that war was its “only resource." -
Oregon Trail
-Stretched from Independence, Missouri, to Oregon City, Oregon. It was blazed in 1836 by two Methodist missionaries named Marcus and Narcissa Whitman. By driving their wagon as far as Fort Boise (near present-day Boise, Idaho), they proved that wagons could travel on the Oregon Trail. -
Texas Revolution
An 1836 rebellion in which Texas gained its independence from Mexico. -
Manifest Destiny
-Amerians believed their movement Westward was managed by God.
-Manifest Destiny: expressed the belief that the United States was ordained to expand to the Pacific Ocean and into Mexican and Native American territory. -
Texas enters the United States
Most Texans hoped that the United States would annex their republic, but U.S. opinion divided along sectional lines. Southerners wanted Texas in order to extend slavery, which already had been established there. Northerners feared that the annexation of more slave territory would tip the uneasy balance in the Senate in favor of slave states—and prompt war with Mexico. The 1844 U.S. presidential campaign focused on westward expansion. The winner, James K. Polk made Texas part of the US. -
Mexican-American War
-1846-1848
-first US conflict chiefly fought on foreign soil
-CAUSES: manifest destiny in US, border skirmish along the Rio Grande, Mexico encouraging border raids, Polk moved troops in when denied purchases of land -
The North Star
-Written by Frederick Douglass
-Hoped ablolition could be achieved w/o violence
-Antislavery newspaper named after the star that guided runaway slaves to freedom -
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
-Rio Grande became the border between Texas and Mexico, also ceded New Mexico and California to the US.
-US paid 15 million for Mexican cession (California, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, most of Arizona, and parts of Colarado and Wyoming). -
Harriet Tubman
-Born a slave in Maryland in 1820/1821
-1849: her owner died and, fearing she's be sold, fled to Philadelphia
-Became Undergound Railroad conductor shortly after Fugitive Slave Act passed
-Helped 300 slaves (her parents included) reach freedom -
Compromise of 1850
-Henry Clay presented a series of resolutions to something both the North and South could accept.
-These became known as the Compromise of 1850.
-Provided for popular sovereignty in New Mexico and Utah. To Senator Stephen Douglas, popular sovereignty seemed
like an excellent way to decide whether slavery would be allowed in the Nebraska Territory. -
Underground Railroad
-System of escape routes used by slaves
-“Conductors” on the routes hid fugitives in secret tunnels and false cupboards, provided them with food and clothing,and escorted or directed them to the next “station.”
-Once fugitives reached the North, many chose to remain there. Others journeyed to Canada to be completely out of reach of their “owners.”
-One of the most famous conductors was Harriet Tubman -
Fugitive Slave Act
-alleged fugitive slaves were not entitled to a trial by jury
-anyone convicted of helping a fugitive was liable for a fine of $1,000 and imprisonment for
up to six months
-northerners resisted by organizing "vigilance committees" to send endangered blacks to canada -
Uncle Tom's Cabin
-Harriet Beecher Stowe published her novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin
-Stressed that slavery was not just a political contest, but also a great moral struggle. -
Kansas-Nebraska Act
-Proposed by: Stephen A. Douglas
-About what: divide Missouri into two territories
-Nebraska in the north and Kansas in the south.
-Would repeal the Missouri Compromise and establish popular sovereignty for both territories -
Dred Scott v. Sandford
-WHO: slave whose owner took him from the slave state of Missouri to free territory in Illinois and Wisconsin and back to Missouri
-WHY: said that living in a free state—Illinois—and
a free territory—Wisconsin—had made him a free man
-FINAL VERDICT: Scott lacked any legal standing to sue in federal court because he was not, and never could be, a citizen. Also said that being in free territory did not make a slave free.
free. -
Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas Debates
-WHY: position in the US Senate, debating the issue of slavery in the territories
-VIEWS: neither wanted slavery, but they disagreed on how to keep it out. DOUGLAS: sovereignity LINCOLN: said slavery was immoral, but didnt expect congress to rid of it unless an amendment was passed
-WINNER: douglas, but ppl thought lincoln would make a good president as a result -
John Brown's Raid/Harper's Ferry
-John Brown studied slave uprisings in ancient Rome and Haiti, and believed now was a good time for similar things to occur in the US.
-Secretly obtained financial backing from several prominent Northern abolitionists.
-On Oct. 16th, 1859 he led 21 black and white men to Harpers Ferry w/ a plan to sieze the federal arsenal and start the uprising.
-Uprising didn't happen-- troops put it down and sentenced Brown to death,
-NORTH REACTION: happy
-SOUTH REACTION: bad, antislavery whites assaulted -
Abraham Lincoln becomes president
-WHEN: 1860
-WHY WAS HE SUCCESSFUL: appeared moderate in his views, pledged to halt slavery spreading while also reassuring the South that a Republican admin, would not interfere with their current slavery.
-South was still against him, but he won with less than half the popular vote with none in the South, -
Formation of the Confederacy
-WHEN: Feb 1861
-WHICH STATES: South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, & Texas.
-PRESIDENT: Jefferson Davis -
Attack on Fort Sumter
-WHEN: April 12th 1861, ~4:30 AM
-WHAT HAPPENED: Lincoln decided to neither abandon nor reinforce it, and it was quickly taken down.
-END RESULT: united the North, South opposed -
Battle of Bull Run
-WHEN: July 1861
-WHAT HAPPENED: first bloodshed on the battlefield, Union army got the upper hand but Confederates held firm inspired by general Thomas J, Jackson. Nickname "Stonewall Jackson" sprung from this.
-END RESULT: many Confederate soldiers assumed the war was over due to its success, and left the army and went home. Lincoln stepped up enlistments as result -
Battle at Antietam
-WHEN: Sept 17th, 1862
-WHAT HAPPENED: Lee's troops pursue Washington --> Union corporal finds Lee's orders that reveal that their forces were seperated ---> McCellan orders his troops to pursue Lee --> battled near a river called Antietam
-END RESULT: Bloodiest
single-day battle in American history. 26,000 dead. Instead of pursuing the Confederate army into Virginia and possibly
ending the war, McClellan did nothing. Lincoln removed him from command. -
Emancipation Proclamation
-WHEN: Jan 1, 1863
-WHAT HAPPENED: Lincoln found a way to use his powers to end slavery.
-END RESULT: Did not free any slaves immediately b/c it applied only to areas behind Confederate lines outside Union control. Nevertheless the proclamation gave the war a moral purpose by turning the struggle into a fight to free the slaves. It also ensured that compromise was no longer possible. -
Conscription
A draft that forced men to serve in the army. -
Income Tax
A tax that takes a specified percentage of an individual’s income. -
Battle of Gettysburg
-WHEN: July 1st, 1863
-WHAT HAPPENED: Confederate soldiers led by A. P. Hill encountered several brigades of Union cavalry under the command of John Buford --> Buford ordered his men to take defensive positions on the hills and ridges surrounding the town --> Both sides needed reinforcements
-END RESULT: Was the most decisive battle of the Civil War. By the end of the 1st day, 90k VS 75k had taken the field. In the end, 30% casualties. -
Battle at Vicksburg
-WHEN: 1862 - July 4 1863
-WHAT HAPPENED: Several failed raids from the Union put strain upon their forces, however after ransacking Jackson things turned in their favor.
-END RESULT: City fell on July 4th due to food shortages, Confederacy was cut into two. -
The Gettysburg Address
-Lincoln spoke for lil' more than 2 minutes.
-Some ppl say his speech "remade America."
-Helped the country to realize that it was not just a collection
of individual states; it was one unified nation. -
Sherman's March
-WHEN: Spring 1864
-CONDUCTED HOW?: Georgia --> the sea. Burned every house in its path, destroyed livestock and railroads. Wanted to make Southerners “so sick of war that generations would pass away before they would again appeal to
it.”
-RESULTS: Mid-November -- most of Atlana burnt. In the end he turned north to help Grant "wipe out Lee." -
Surrender at Appomattox Court House
-LOCATION: Virgina
-ATTENDEES: Lee and Grant.
-AGREEMENTS: Grant paroled Lee's soldiers & sent them home w/ their possessions and 3 days worth of rations, officers permitted to keep side-arms, within a month all Confederate resistance collapsed. -
Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
-WHO DID IT: John Wilkes Booth
-WHERE: Ford’s Theatre
-WHY: Southern sympathizer who was angered at the terms of the Amendment and Civil War's end. -
Thirteenth Amendment
“Neither slavery nor involuntary
servitude, except as a punishment for crime
whereof the party shall have been duly convicted,
shall exist within the United States.”
