-
Missouri Compromise
N+S disagreed,
however, on whether Missouri should be admitted as a free state or a slave state.
Behind the leadership of Henry Clay, Congress passed a series of agreements
in 1820–1821 known as the Missouri Compromise. Under these agreements,
Maine was admitted as a free state and Missouri as a slave state.
The dividing line was set at 36°30´
north latitude. South of the line, slavery was legal. North of the line—except in
Missouri—slavery was banned.
during pres james monroe -
Santa Fe Trail
One of the busiest routes was the Santa Fe Trail,
which stretched 780 miles from Independence, Missouri, to
Santa Fe in the Mexican province of New Mexico. -
San Felipe de Austin
Austin’s dad Moses Austin, had received a land grant from Spain to establish
a colony between the Brazos and Colorado rivers but died before he was able
to carry out his plans. Stephen obtained permission, first from Spain and then Mexico after it had won its independence, to carry out his father’s project.
In 1821 Stephen F. established a colony where “no drunkard, no gambler, no profane
swearer, and no idler” would be allowed.
The main settlement of the colony was named San Felipe de Austin, -
Mexico abolishes slavery
Despite peaceful cooperation between Anglos and
Tejanos, differences over cultural issues intensified between Anglos and the
Mexican government. The overwhelmingly Protestant Anglo settlers spoke
English instead of Spanish. Furthermore, many of the settlers were Southerners,
who had brought slaves with them to Texas. Mexico, which had abolished slavery
in 1829, insisted in vain that the Texans free their slaves -
Abolition
Abolition, the movement to abolish
slavery, became the most important of a series of reform movements in America. -
Nat Turner’s Rebellion
Some slaves rebelled against their condition of
bondage. One of the most prominent rebellions was led by Virginia slave
Nat Turner. In August 1831, Turner and more than 50 followers attacked four
plantations and killed about 60 whites. Whites eventually captured and executed
many members of the group, including Turner.
The Turner rebellion frightened and
outraged slaveholders. In some states, people argued that the only way to prevent
slave revolts was through emancipation. -
The Liberator
Active in religious reform movements
in Massachusetts, William Lloyd Garrison became the editor of an antislavery paper in 1828.
Three years later he established his own paper, The Liberator, to deliver an uncompromising
demand: immediate emancipation
Whites who opposed abolition hated Garrison. In 1835 a Boston mob paraded
him through town at the end of a rope. Nevertheless, Garrison enjoyed widespread
black support; three out of four early subscribers to The Liberator were
African Americans. -
Stephen F. Austin goes to jail
Meanwhile, Mexican politics had become increasingly unstable. Austin had
traveled to Mexico City late in 1833 to present petitions to Mexican president
Antonio López de Santa Anna for greater self-government for Texas. While
Austin was on his way home, Santa Anna had Austin imprisoned for inciting
revolution. After Santa Anna suspended local powers in Texas and other Mexican states, several rebellions broke out, including one that would be
known as the Texas Revolution -
Texas Revolution
the 1836 rebellion in which Texas gained its
independence from Mexico -
Oregon Trail
The Oregon Trail stretched from Independence,
Missouri, to Oregon City, Oregon. It was blazed in 1836 by
two Methodist missionaries named Marcus and Narcissa
Whitman. By driving their wagon as far as Fort Boise (near
present-day Boise, Idaho), they proved that wagons could
travel on the Oregon Trail. -
Manifest Destiny
Many Americans began to believe that their movement
westward was predestined by God. The phrase “manifest destiny”
expressed the belief that the United States was ordained to expand to the Pacific
Ocean and into Mexican and Native American territory. Many Americans also
believed that this destiny was manifest, or obvious and inevitable. -
Texas enters the United States
In March 1845, angered by U.S.-Texas negotiation on annexation, the Mexican
government recalled its ambassador from Washington. On December 29, 1845,
Texas entered the Union. Events moved quickly toward war. -
Mexican-American War
between the United States and Mexico (April 1846–February 1848) stemming from the United States’ annexation of Texas in 1845 and from a dispute over whether Texas ended at the Nueces River (Mexican claim) or the Rio Grande (U.S. claim). The war—in which U.S. forces were consistently victorious—resulted in the United States’ acquisition of more than 500,000 square miles (1,300,000 square km) of Mexican territory extending westward from the Rio Grande to the Pacific Ocean. -
The North Star
One of
Liberator's eager readers was Frederick
Douglass.
Garrison heard
him speak and was so impressed that
he sponsored Douglass to speak for
various anti-slavery organizations.
Hoping that abolition could be
achieved without violence, Douglass
broke with Garrison, who believed
that abolition justified whatever
means were necessary to achieve it.
In 1847, Douglass began his own
antislavery newspaper. He named it
The North Star, after the star that
guided runaway slaves to freedom. -
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
After about a year of fighting, Mexico conceded defeat. On February 2,
1848, the United States and Mexico signed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.
Mexico agreed to the Rio Grande as the border between Texas and Mexico and
ceded the New Mexico and California territories to the United States. The United States agreed to pay $15 million for the Mexican cession, which included presentday
California, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, most of Arizona, and parts of
Colorado and Wyoming. -
Harriet Tubman
born a slave in Maryland in 1820 or 1821. In 1849, after Tubman’s
owner died, she heard rumors that she was about to be sold. Fearing
this possibility, Tubman decided to make a break for freedom and succeeded
in reaching Philadelphia. Shortly after passage of the Fugitive Slave
Act, Tubman resolved to become a conductor on the Underground
Railroad. In all, she made 19 trips back to the South and is said to have
helped 300 slaves—including her own parents—flee to freedom. -
Compromise of 1850-To placate both sides, a provision allowed popular sovereignty, the right to vote for or against slavery, forresidents of the New Mexico and Utah territories.
? of statehood for California
equal concern =the border dispute in which the slave state of Texas claimed the eastern .5 of the
New Mexico Territory, where the issue of slavery hadnt yet been settled. threats of Southern secession, the formal withdrawal of a state
from the Union, became more frequent.
To please the N., compromise provided that Cali be admitted to the Union as a free state. T.p.s, compromise proposed
a new + more effective fugitive slave law. -
Fugitive Slave Act
The harsh terms of the Fugitive Slave Act surprised many people. Under the law,
alleged fugitive slaves were not entitled to a trial by jury. In addition, anyone convicted
of helping a fugitive was liable for a fine of $1,000 and imprisonment for
up to six months. Infuriated by the Fugitive Slave Act, some Northerners resisted
it by organizing “vigilance committees” to send endangered African Americans to
safety in Canada. -
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
Harriet
Beecher Stowe published her novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin, which stressed
that slavery was not just a political contest, but also a great moral struggle.
As a young girl, Stowe had watched boats filled with people on
their way to be sold at slave markets. Uncle Tom’s Cabin expressed her
lifetime hatred of slavery. The book stirred Northern abolitionists to
increase their protests against the Fugitive Slave Act, while Southerners criticized the book as an
attack on the South. -
Kansas-Nebraska Act
Kansas + Nebraska territory lay
north of the Missouri Compromise line of 36°30’ & therefore was legally closed to slavery. Stephen A Douglas introduced a bill that would divide the area into 2 territories: Nebraska in north and Kansas in south. If passed, the bill
would repeal the Missouri Compromise + establish popular sovereignty for both territories. N. congressmen
saw the bill as part of a plot to turn the territories into slave states. Southerners strongly defended the proposed legislation -
Dred Scott v. Sandford
Dred Scott’s slave master had brought him from the slave state
of Missouri to live for a time in free territory and in the free state of Illinois. Eventually
they returned to Missouri. Scott believed that because he had lived in free territory, he
should be free. In 1854 he sued in federal court for his freedom. The court ruled against
him, and he appealed to the Supreme Court. -
Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas Debates
Lincoln challenged the man to a series of debates on the issue
of slavery in the territories. Neither wanted slavery in the territories,
but they disagreed on how to keep it out. Douglas believed deeply in
popular sovereignty. Lincoln, on the other hand, believed that slavery
was immoral. he didnt expect ppl to give up
slavery unless Congress abolished slavery w/ an amendment.
douglas won -
John Brown’s raid/Harpers Ferry
On the night of October 16, 1859,
he led a band of 21 men, black and white, into Harpers Ferry, Virginia. His aim was to seize the federal arsenal there
and start a general slave uprising. troops put down the rebellion.
Later, authorities tried Brown and put him to death. North, bells tolled, guns fired + huge crowds gathered to hear speakers denounce the South. The ressponse was equally extreme in the South,
where mobs assaulted whites who were suspected of holding antislavery views -
Underground Railroad
meant traveling on foot at night w/o any sense of distance/direction, except for the North Star + other natural signs,avoiding
patrols of armed men on horseback + struggling through forests and across
rivers. it meant going w/o food for days at a time. free a. am. and white abolitionists -> escape routes they used became known as the
U.R.. “Conductors” on the routes hid fugitives in
secret tunnels and false cupboards, provided them w/ food + clothing, and escorted them to the next "station" -
Abraham Lincoln becomes president
Although he pledged to halt the further spread of slavery, he also
tried to reassure Southerners that a Republican administration would not “interfere
with their slaves, or with them, about their slaves.” still, many
Southerners viewed him as an enemy.
Lincoln emerged as the winner with less than half the popular
vote and with no electoral votes from the South. He did not even appear on the
ballot in most of the slave states because of Southern hostility toward him.
November 6, 1860-wonpresident -
Formation of the Confederacy
South Carolina led the way, seceding from the Union.
Mississippi followed, as did
Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, + Texas. In
Feb 1861, delegates from those states met in
Montgomery, Alabama, to form the Confederate
States of America. They also drew up a
constitution that closely resembled tht of the US, but w/ a few diffs. The most impt
diff was tht it “protected and recognized” slavery
in new territories. The Confederates unanimously elected Jefferson Davis of Mississippi as president -
Attack on Fort Sumter
as soon as the Confederacy was formed, Confederate soldiers
in each secessionist state began seizing federal installations—esp forts. By
the time of Lincoln’s inauguration on March 4, 1861, only 4 Southern forts
remained in Union hands. The most important was Fort Sumter, on an island
in Charleston harbor.
Lincoln decided to neither abandon Fort Sumter nor reinforce it. He would
merely send in “food for hungry men.” April 12, Confederate batteries
began thundering away to the cheers of citizens -
Battle of Bull Run
occurred about three months
after Fort Sumter fell
In morning the Union army
gained the upper hand, but Confederates held firm, inspired by General
Thomas J. Jackson. “There stands Jackson like a stone wall!” another general shouted,
coining the nickname Stonewall Jackson. In afternoon C.
reinforcements helped win the first S victory. Fortunately for the Union, Confederates were exhausted to follow up their victory with an attack on
Washington. Many C soldiers, confident war over, quit+home -
Battle of Antietam
lee's troops crossed the Potomac into the Union
state of Maryland. McClellan had an stroke of luck. A Union corporal found a copy of Lee’s orders
wrapped around cigars! The plan revealed that Lee’s + Stonewall Jackson’s armies were separated for the moment.
McClellan ordered his men to pursue Lee, + 2 sides fought. This proved to be the bloodiest
single-day battle. next day, instead of pursuing
the battered Confederate army into Virginia + possibly
ending the war McClellan did nothing->removed -
Emancipation Proclamation
The Confederacy used the labor of slaves to
build fortifications + grow food. Lincoln’s powers as commander in chief
allowed him to order his troops to seize enemy resources. So, he decided
tht, just as he could order the Union army to take C. supplies, he could
also authorize the army to emancipate slaves.
proclamation didnt free slaves immediately cuz it applied only
to areas behind Conf lines, outside Union control.
EP gavethewaramoralpurposebyturningthe struggleinto afighttofreetheslaves -
Battle of Gettysburg
most decisive battle of the war-7/1 wen C. soldiers led by A. P. Hill encountered
brigades of Union cavalry under the command of John Buford
Buford ordered his men to take defensive positions on the hills. When Hill’s troops marched toward the town, Buford’s men were waiting. By the end of 1st day of fighting, 90k Union troops led by G. George Meade vs 75k Confederates led by G. Lee. by 2nd day of battle, C. had driven the Union troops from Gettysburg + took control of the town. -
Battle of Gettysburg Pt 2
but, the North still held positions on Cemetery Ridge. On 7/2, Lee ordered G. James Longstreet to attack CR. C. repeatedly attacked the Union lines. On 7/3, Lee ordered an artillery barrage on the center of the Union lines on Cemetery Ridge. For 2 hrs, the 2 armies fired at 1 another. thinking they’d silenced the Union guns, C. then charged the lines. C. forces marched across the farmland btwn their position + Union high ground. -
Battle of Gettysburg Pt 3
Suddenly, Northern artillery renewed its barrage + the infantry fired on the rebels as well. C. staggered back to their lines. After battle, Lee gave up hopes of invading the North + led his army back to
Virginia
The three-day battle produced staggering losses: 23,000 Union men and 28,000
Confederates were killed or wounded. Total casualties were more than 30 percent.
Despite the devastation, Northerners were enthusiastic about breaking “the
charm of Robert Lee’s invincibility.” -
Income Tax-a tax that takes a specified percentage of an individual’s income
war’s effect on the economy of the North was much more positive.
The army’s need for supplies supported woolen mills, steel foundries, + other industries. but the economic boom had a dark side, Wages didnt keep up w/ prices, + people’s standard of living declined. When
white male workers went out on strike, employees hired free blacks, immigrants,
+ women to replace them for lower wages. As the N economy grew,
Congress decided to help pay for the war by collecting the nation’s 1st income
tax -
Conscription
war led to social upheaval and political unrest in both the North and the
South. As the fighting intensified, heavy casualties and widespread desertions led
each side to impose conscription, a draft that forced men to serve in the army.
In the North, conscription led to draft riots, the most violent of which took place
in New York City. Sweeping changes occurred in the wartime economies of both
sides as well as in the roles played by African Americans and women. -
Battle of Vicksburg
Spring-Grant weakened the C. defenses tht protected
Vicksburgsent Benjamin Grierson to lead his cavalry brigade thru Mississippi. Grierson succeeded in destroying rail lines + distracting
C forces from Union infantry working its way toward Vicksburg. Grant
was able to land his troops south of Vicksburg on 4/30 + immediately sent
his men in search of Confederate troops in Mississippi. In 18 days, Union forces
had sacked Jackson, the capital of the state. -
Battle of Vicksburg pt 2
Grant+his troops rushed->Vicksburg hoping to take it while the rebels were reeling from losses. Grant ordered 2 frontal attacks on Vicksburg both failed. in last week of 5/1863, Grant settled in for a siege->set up a barrage of artillery, shelling the city from both river+land for many hrs a day, forcing residents into caves dug out of
hillsides. C command of Vicksburg asked Grant for terms of surrender. city fell on 7/4. 5 days later Port Hudson, Louisiana also fell. Confederacy cut=2 -
Gettysburg Address
November 1863, a ceremony was held to dedicate
a cemetery in Gettysburg. There, President Lincoln spoke for a little more
than two minutes. According to some contemporary historians, Lincoln’s
Gettysburg Address “remade America.” Before Lincoln’s speech, people said,
“The United States are . . .” Afterward, they said, “The United States is . . .” In
other words, the speech helped the country to realize that it was not just a collection
of individual states; it was one unified nation. -
Sherman's March
spring of 1864, Sherman began
his march southeast through
Georgia to the sea, creating a
wide path of destruction. His
army burned almost every house
in its path and destroyed livestock
and railroads. Sherman was
determined to make Southerners “so sick of war that generations would pass away before they would again appeal to
it.” By mid-November he had burned most of Atlanta. After reaching the ocean,
Sherman’s forces—followed by 25,000 former slaves—turned north to help Grant
“wipe out Lee.” -
Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
4/14/1865, 5 days after
Lee surrendered to Grant,
Lincoln+ wife->Ford’s Theatre
in Washington to see a British comedy, Our
American Cousin. During 3rd act, John Wilkes Booth
crept behind Lincoln+shot prez
in back of head. never regained consciousness->
died on 4/15. It was the first time a prez of US had been assassinated. After shooting,
assassin then leaped down from the presidential box to the stage + escaped. 12 days
later, Union cavalry trapped him in a Virginia tobacco shed+ shot him dead -
Surrender at Appomattox Court House
Union troops conquered Richmond, Confederate capital. Southerners had abandoned it the
day before, setting it afire to keep the N from taking it. 5/9/1865 Virginia town=ACH, Lee+ Grant met in home to arrange a Confederate surrender. At Lincoln’s request, the terms=generous. Grant paroled Lee’s soldiers+sent them
home w/ their possessions and 3 days’ worth of rations. Officers
permitted to keep their side arms. Within a month remaining Confederate resistance collapsed. 4 long yrs->Civil War over -
13th Amendment
Emancipation Proclamation freed only slaves who lived in states tht were behind C. lines+not yet under Union control. gov had to decide wat to do abt border
states, where slavery still existed. prez believed the only solution
was a constitutional amdt abolishing slavery-> 13 Amdt ratified at end of 1865. US Constitution now stated, Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States.
