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Oregon Trail
The Oregon Trail is a trail that stretched from Independence, Missouri, to Oregon City, Oregon. To prove that a wagon could travel the Oregon Trail, two Methodist missionaries named Marcus and Narcissa Whitman, blazed it in 1836. -
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Missouri Compromise
In 1818 settlers in Missouri requested admission to the Union. Although the Southerners and the Northerners didn't agree weather to make Missouri and free or slave state. Congress then decided to pass a series of agreements. -
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Missouri Compromise (2)
With the The Missouri Compromise, "Maine was admitted as a free state and Missouri as a slave state. The rest of the Louisiana Territory was split into two parts. The dividing line was set at 36°30´north latitude. South of the line, slavery was legal. North of the line except in Missouri—slavery was banned. ( U.S History textbook)". -
Santa Fe Trail
Santa Fe Trail was one of the busius trails. It stretched 780 miles from Independence, Missouri, to Santa Fe in the Mexican province of New Mexico. From 1821 to 1860, American traders loaded covered wagons with goods and set off toward Santa Fe Trail every spring. -
San Felipe de Austin
San Felipe de Austin is the main settlement of the colony. In 1821 Stephen F. Austin established the colony. But in 1825, Austin had issued 297 land grants to the group." ...later became known as Texas’s Old Three Hundred. Each family received either 177 very inexpensive acres of farmland, or 4,428 acres for stock grazing, as well as a 10-year exemption from paying taxes. (U.S. History Textbook)" -
Mexico Abolishes Slavery
The overwhelmingly Protestant Anglo settlers spoke English instead of Spanish. Furthermore, many of the settlers were Southerners,
that means that they had brought slaves with them to Texas. Meanwhile, the Mexican politics are starting to become increasingly unstable. -
Mexico Abolishes Slavery (Quote)
"When Austin returned to Texas in 1835, he was convinced that war was its “only resource.” Determined to force Texas to obey Mexican law, Santa Anna marched his army toward San Antonio. At the same time, Austin and his followers issued a call for Texans to arm themselves.(U.S. History Textbook)" -
The Liberator
"The most radical white abolitionist was a young editor named William Lloyd Garrison. Active in religious reform movements in Massachusetts, Garrison became the editor of an antislavery paper in 1828. Three years later he established his own paper, The Liberator, to deliver an uncompromising demand: immediate emancipation. In 1835 a Boston mob paraded him through the town. Nevertheless, Garrison enjoyed widespread black support; three out of four early subscribers were African American." -
Nat Turner's Rebellion
The condition of bondage was often rebelled by slaves. Nat Turner was a slave from Virginia, Turner lead one of the most prominent rebellions. "Turner and more than 50 followers attacked four
plantations and killed about 60 whites. Whites eventually captured and executed many members of the group, including Turner. (U.S. History Textbook)" -
Stephen F. Austin goes to Jail
"Austin had traveled to Mexico City late in 1833 to present petitions to Mexican president Antonio López de Santa Anna for greater self-government for Texas. While Austin was on his way home, Santa Anna had Austin imprisoned for inciting revolution. (U.S History Textbook)" Slavery started coming into the con-slavery state, and mexico was not having any of it. -
Texas Revolution
"Rebellion in which Texas gained its independence from Mexico. After Santa Anna suspended local powers in Texas and other Mexican states, several rebellions broke out, including one that would be known as the Texas Revolution.(U.S History Textbook)" -
Manifest Destiny
American began to believe that the move westward was presented by God. so they called it "Manifest Destiny." -
Texas Enters the United States
Most of the Texans wanted the United States to annex Texas. That did not end up happening. The U.S. opinion divided along sectional lines. "In March 1845, angered by U.S.-Texas negotiation on annexation, the Mexican government recalled its ambassador from Washington. On December 29, 1845, Texas entered the Union. Events moved quickly toward war. (U.S History Textbook)" -
Mexican American War
The Americans wanted to gain land in order to expand west to fulfill America's "Manifest Destiny". An American was shot by a Mexican on thought to be American ground. We also really wanted the land. -
The North Star
"One of those eager readers was Frederick Douglass...In 1847, Douglass began his own antislavery newspaper. He named it The North Star, after the star that guided runaway slaves to freedom. (U.S. History Textbook)" -
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
"Mexico agreed to the Rio Grande as the border between Texas and Mexico and ceded the New Mexico and California territories to the United States. The United States agreed to pay $15 million for the Mexican cession, which included present day California, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, most of Arizona, and parts of
Colorado and Wyoming. (U.S. History Textbook)" -
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (P.2)
"Five years later, President Franklin Pierce authorized James Gadsden to pay Mexico an additional $10 million for another piece of territory south of the Gila River... (U.S. History Textbook)" -
Harriet Tubman
"One of the most famous conductors was Harriet Tubman, born a slave in Maryland in 1820 or 1821. In 1849, after Tubman’s owner died, she heard rumors that she was about to be sold. Fearing this possibility, Tubman decided to make a break for freedom and succeeded in reaching Philadelphia. (U.S. History Textbook)" Harriet ended up making 19 trips back using the underground railroad and helped 300 slaves. -
Abolition
"Abolition, the movement to abolish slavery, became the most important of a series of reform movements in America. (U.S. History Textbook)" -
Compromise of 1850
"As the 31st Congress opened in December 1849, the question of statehood for California topped the agenda. Of equal concern was the border dispute in which the slave state of Texas claimed the eastern half of the New Mexico Territory, where the issue of slavery had not yet been settled. (U.S. History Textbook)" -
Compromise of 1850 (P.2)
"Once again, Henry Clay worked to shape a compromise that both the North and the South could accept. After obtaining support of the powerful Massachusetts senator Daniel Webster, Clay presented to the Senate a series of resolutions later called the Compromise of 1850.Clay’s compromise contained provisions to appease Northerners as well as Southerners. CA would be admitted to the Union as a free state to please the northerns. -
Fugitive Slave Act
With the Fugitive Slave Act, anyone who helped a slave escape will be fined a $1,000 and imprisonment for 6 months. Also any Fugitive Slave is entitled to a trial by jury. "Infuriated by the Fugitive Slave Act, some Northerners resisted it by organizing “vigilance committees” to send endangered African Americans to safety in Canada. Others resorted to violence to rescue fugitive slaves. Still others worked to help slaves escape from slavery. (U.S. History Textbook)" -
Uncle Tom's Cabin
" In 1852, Harriet Beecher Stowe published her novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin, which stressed that slavery was not just a political contest, but also a great moral struggle. (U.S.History Textbook)" Stowe would watch boats full of people going to get sold at a slave market when she was young. " Uncle Tom’s Cabin expressed her lifetime hatred of slavery. The book stirred Northern abolitionists to increase their protests against the Fugitive Slave Act...(U.S.History Textbook)" -
Kansas-Nebraska Act
" Douglas introduced a bill in Congress on January 23, 1854, that would divide the area into two territories: Nebraska in the north and Kansas in the south. If passed, the bill would repeal the Missouri Compromise and establish popular sovereignty for both territories. Some Northern congressmen saw the bill as part of a plot to turn the territories into slave states. Southerners strongly defended the proposed legislation. The Kansas-Nebraska Act became law in 1854.(U.S.History Textbook)" -
Dread Scott v. Sandford
"A major Supreme Court decision was brought about by Dred Scott, a slave whose owner took him from the slave state of Missouri to free territory in Illinois and Wisconsin and back to Missouri. Scott appealed to the Supreme Court for his freedom on the grounds that living in a free state—Illinois—and a free territory—Wisconsin—had made him a free man. (U.S. History Textbook)" They later rejected Scott's proposal. -
Dread Scott v. Sandford (P.2)
"He said that by banning slavery, Congress was, in effect, taking away property. Such an action, he wrote, violated the Fifth Amendment, which guarantees the right not to be deprived of property without due process of law (such as a hearing). Thus, all congressional efforts to ban slavery in the territories were prohibited. (U.S. History Textbook)" -
Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas Debates
"To counteract Douglas, Lincoln challenged the man known as the “Little Giant” to a series of debates on the issue of slavery in the territories. Douglas accepted the challenge, and the stage was set for some of the most celebrated debates in U.S. history. The two men’s positions were simple and consistent. Neither wanted slavery in the territories, but they disagreed on how to keep it out. (U.S. History Textbook)" -
Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas Debates (P.2)
- Unpopular sovereignty is what Douglas believed deeply in.
- Lincoln believed that slavery was an immoral stance. " ...Congress abolished slavery with an amendment.Douglas won the Senate seat... (U.S. History Textbook)"
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John Brown's raid/ Harpers Ferry
During the night, John Brown had led 21 men. These men were black and white. Brown took these men to Harpers Ferry, Virginia ( Which is now modern day West Virginia). Browns goal was to seize the federal arsenal and start a general slave uprising. Brown got tried and was set to be put to death, although no uprising occurred. The public's reaction was not great, bells were tolled, guns fired salutes, and huge crowds gathered to hear fiery speakers denounce the South (The North did this). -
Abraham Lincoln becomes President (P.2)
Lincoln emerged as the winner with less than half the popular vote and with no electoral votes from the South. He did not even appear on the ballot in most of the slave states because of Southern hostility toward him. The outlook for the Union was grim. (U.S. History Textbook For P.1 and 2)" -
Abraham Lincoln becomes President
"As the 1860 presidential election approached, the Republicans nominated Abraham Lincoln. As the campaign developed, three major candidates besides Lincoln vied for office. The Democratic Party finally split over slavery. Northern Democrats rallied behind Douglas and his doctrine of popular sovereignty. Southern Democrats, who supported the Dred Scott decision, lined up behind Vice-President John C. Breckinridge of Kentucky. ...The Constitutional Union Party and nominated John Bell of Tennessee. -
Underground Railroad
"As time went on, free African Americans and white abolitionists developed a secret network of people who would, at great risk to themselves, hide fugitive slaves. The system of escape routes they used became known as the Underground Railroad. “Conductors” on the routes hid fugitives in secret tunnels and false cupboards, provided them with food and clothing, and escorted or directed them to the next “station.” (U.S. History Textbook)" -
Attack on Fort Sumter
"Months earlier, as soon as the Confederacy was formed, Confederate soldiers in each secessionist state began seizing federal installations especially forts. By the time of Lincoln’s inauguration on March 4, 1861, only four Southern forts remained in Union hands. The most important was Fort Sumter, on an island in Charleston harbor. (U.S. History Textbook)" Lincoln would send "food to hungry men" Because he didn't want to reinforce it or abandoned it. -
Formation of the Confederacy
"...They had lost their political voice in the national government. Some Southern states decided to act. South Carolina led the way, seceding from the Union on December 20, 1860. (U.S. History Textbook)" Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas all followed in South Carolina's tracks. The states all met at Montgomery Alabama, where they formed the Confederate States of American, also known as a confederacy. The confederacy elected Jefferson Davis of Mississippi as president -
Battle of Bull Run (P.2)
The first Southern Victory has assistance of reinforcements by the confederates. Many of the confederate solders were so confident that the war was over that they just went home and left the army. -
Battle of Bull Run (Quote)
"The first bloodshed on the battlefield occurred about three months
after Fort Sumter fell, near the little creek of Bull Run, just 25 miles from Washington, D.C. The battle was a seesaw affair. In the morning the Union army gained the upper hand, but the Confederates held firm, inspired by General Thomas J. Jackson... (U.S. History Textbook)" -
Battle of Antietam
"McClellan ordered his men to pursue Lee, and the two sides fought on September 17 near a creek called the Antietam. The clash proved to be the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with casualties totaling more than 26,000. The next day, instead of pursuing the battered Confederate army into Virginia and possibly ending the war, McClellan did nothing. As a result, Lincoln removed him from command. (U.S. History Textbook)" -
Conscription
Conscription is a draft that forced men to serve in the army. The North and the South were led to impose the conscription because of heavy casualties and widespread desertions as fighting intensified. -
Battle at Vicksburg (Quote P.1)
"While Meade’s Army of the Potomac was destroying Confederate hopes in Gettysburg, Union general Ulysses S. Grant fought to take Vicksburg, one of the two remaining Confederate strongholds on the Mississippi River. Vicksburg itself was particularly important because it rested on bluffs above the river from which guns could control all water traffic...winter of 1862–1863, Grant tried several schemes to reach Vicksburg and take it from the Confederates. Nothing seemed to work until the spring -63. -
Battle at Vicksburg (Quote P.2)
The Confederate command of Vicksburg asked Grant for terms of surrender. The city fell on July 4. Five days later Port Hudson, Louisiana, the last Confederate holdout on the Mississippi, also fell. The Union had achieved another of its major military objectives, and the Confederacy was cut in two. (U.S. History Textbook)" -
Emancipation Proclamation
"Lincoln’s powers as commander in chief allowed him to order his troops to seize enemy resources. Therefore, he decided that, just as he could order the Union army to take Confederate supplies, he could also authorize the army to emancipate slaves. Emancipation was not just a moral issue; it became a weapon of war. On January 1, 1863, Lincoln issued his Emancipation Proclamation. (U.S. History Textbook)" -
Income Tax
" As the Northern economy grew, Congress decided to help pay for the war by collecting the nation’s first income tax, a tax that takes a specified percentage of an individual’s income. (U.S. History Textbook)" -
Gettysburg Address
"In November 1863, a ceremony was held to dedicate a cemetery in Gettysburg. There, President Lincoln spoke for a little more than two minutes. (U.S. History Textbook)" People would say “The United States are . . .” before Lincoln made hid speech about the Gettysburg Address. “The United States is . . .” is what people said after Lincoln's speech. This helped people realize that we are one unified nation. it is said that, " Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address “remade America.” (U.S. History Textbook)". -
Battle at Gettysburg (Quote)
"By the end of the first day of fighting, 90,000 Union troops under the command of General George Meade had taken the field against 75,000 Confederates, led by General Lee. (U.S. History Textbook)" -
Battle at Gettysburg
The Confederate soldiers were led by A. P. Hill. They had encountered several brigades of Union cavalry under the command of John Buford Union was told defensive positions on the hills and ridges. Buford’s men were waiting for the confederate. The shooting attracted more troops that both sides needed to call in for reinforcements. -
Sherman's March
"In the spring of 1864," William Tecumseh Sherman, "began his march southeast through Georgia to the sea, creating a wide path of destruction. His army burned almost every house in its path and destroyed livestock and railroads. Sherman was determined to make Southerners “so sick of war...” By mid-November he had burned most of Atlanta. After reaching the ocean, Sherman’s forces—followed by 25,000 former slaves—turned north to help Grant “wipe out Lee.” (U.S. History Textbook)" -
Thirteenth Amendment
The Thirteenth Amendment states that, "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States.” This Amendment was ratified at the end of 1865. -
Surrender at Appomattox Court House
Location: A Virginia town called Appomattox.
Attendees: Lee and Grant met at a private home to arrange a Confederate surrender.
Agreements: At Lincoln’s request, the terms were generous. Grant paroled Lee’s soldiers and sent them home with their possessions and three days’ worth of rations. Officers were permitted to keep their side arms. Within a month all remaining Confederate resistance collapsed. After four long years, the Civil War was over.
(All info from U.S. History Textbook) -
Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
Who did it: John Wilkes Booth—a 26-year-old actor and Southern sympathizer.
Where: Ford’s Theater in Washington to see a British comedy, Our American Cousin.
Why: During its third act, a man crept up behind Lincoln and shot the president in the back of his head.
(All info from U.S. History Textbook).